Resembling "Hot Wheels", the Nomin River volcano group "appeared on camera"!

The Nuominhe volcanic group in the Oroqen Autonomous Banner of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is located in the northern section of the eastern slope of the Greater Khingan Range. The volcanic group covers an area of ​​about 7,500 square kilometers, mainly including the Dalaibinhutong volcano, Dalaibinhu volcano, Ma'anshan volcano, Sifangshan volcano, Bugongqihan volcano, Guolenqi volcano, Banlashan volcano, Nuominhe Farm volcano and Xiaotuhulushan volcano, etc. More than 30 volcanoes. Some of these volcanoes are single cones, and some are double cones. All of them are located on the west side of the northern section of the Nenjiang Deep Fault Zone (the latest activity of this section of the fault is the late Pleistocene), close to the main ridge fault of the Greater Khingan Range. Among them, the Xireteqihutong volcano is the highest volcano in the volcanic group, about 1,002 meters high, and the crater diameter is about 1 kilometer.

The Nuomin River is a first-level tributary of the west bank of the Nen River in China (the Nen River is the longest tributary of the Heilongjiang River system), also known as the "Numin River" (historically named Numin River and Nemin River). "Numin" means "lapis lazuli" in Manchu and "jasper" in Mongolian, that is, a green river. The total length of the Nuomin River is about 467 kilometers, and its main tributaries are the Bila River and the Geni River. The volcanoes in the volcanic area are mainly distributed along the two sides of the Nuomin River and the Bila River basin (the Bila River is a first-level tributary of the Nuomin River), and the volcanic group formed is named the Nuomin River Volcanic Group. The volcanic landforms in the two river basins are rich and the ecological environment is diverse, like a dreamy landscape painting, which cleverly displays primitive forests, volcanoes, Tianchi, canyons, lakes, wetlands, etc. in the painting. The volcanic eruption products of the Nuomin River volcanic group are mainly basaltic lava, with a distribution area of ​​about 600 square kilometers.

Spatial distribution of some volcanoes in the Nuominhe volcanic group in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (from the image of the "Jilin-1" earth observation satellite)

The Cenozoic volcanic eruption activities of the Nuominhe volcanic group can be divided into three periods: the early Pleistocene, the middle Pleistocene and the late Pleistocene-Holocene. The main types of volcanic rocks are basalt, basanite, basaltic pumice and basaltic pyroclastic rock. The distribution of volcanic rocks is mainly controlled by north-south and east-west fault structures. The volcanic landforms are mainly volcanic cones, craters, lava terraces and lava domes. The types of volcanic eruptions are mainly fissure and central eruptions. There are at least four volcanoes in this volcanic group that have erupted during the Holocene, namely Ma'anshan Volcano, Dalaibinhutong Volcano, Dalaibinhu Volcano and Ma'anshan East Volcano. Their volcanic cones are generally low in weathering and well preserved in shape. The craters all have funnel-shaped gaps, and the inner walls are steep and easy to collapse. The volcanic eruption materials at the top of the cone are relatively fresh and have little vegetation coverage. The volcanic group is famous for its unique geographical location, rich natural resources and volcanic activity characteristics. Compared with the charming Etna large active volcano in Italy surrounded by the starry sky and the ethereal and dreamy Tianchi large active volcano in Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province, each volcano in the Nomin River volcanic group is like a bright pearl inlaid on the colorful eastern slope of Greater Khingan Range.

The Dalaibinhutong Volcano (upper left, sourced from the Internet) and the Sifangshan Volcano (upper right, sourced from the Internet) of the Nuominhe Volcano Group under a clear sky, the large active volcano Etna in Italy in the evening (lower left, original image) and the ethereal and dreamy large active volcano Tianchi in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province (lower right, original image)

The most famous volcano in the Nuomin River volcano group is the Sifangshan volcano, which is known as the "Big Leader of Greater Khingan Range" in the local area. The Sifangshan volcano is about 933 meters above sea level. The top of the mountain is about 500 meters long from east to west and about 300 meters wide from north to south. From a distance, the outline of the Sifangshan volcano cone is square, hence the name. The top of the Sifangshan volcano has a wide view. In the center of the crater, there is an elliptical natural lake formed by the accumulation of spring water and rainwater, also known as the "Sifangshan Tianchi", which is about 30 meters long and 5 meters wide. Looking down at the lake, the waves are like a mirror, deep green, and the blue sky and white clouds are reflected in the lake, just like a piece of exquisite jade inlaid on the top of a mountain, shining brightly. The Sifangshan Tianchi does not dry up for a long time in drought and does not overflow for a long time in rain. Locals believe that it is a spring of life that can give people courage, bravery and strength. In late spring and early summer, the volcanic area bursts with vitality, which is the most suitable season to climb the Sifangshan volcano. Climbing to the top of the mountain, overlooking the rolling hills surrounding the volcano and listening to the sound of pine waves will make you feel relaxed and happy!

The volcanic cone of Ma'anshan Volcano is mainly composed of the scoria cone at the bottom and the splash cone at the top. The splash cone formed in the later period is superimposed on the scoria cone in the earlier period. The overall outline of the volcanic cone is shaped like a saddle, hence the name Ma'anshan Volcano. The scoria cone is the main part of the cone of Ma'anshan Volcano. It is about 150 meters high and mainly composed of loose volcanic debris. The slope angle of the cone is 30°–35°. The eruption products of the volcano mainly include volcanic ash, volcanic gravel and volcanic bombs, with the volcanic gravel content being the highest. There are many volcanoes in China that resemble the shape of a saddle, such as the Ma'anshan Volcano in the Qiongbei Volcanic Group in Hainan Province, the Ma'anshan Volcano in Yitong County, Jilin Province, and the Ma'anshan Volcano in Tengchong County, Yunnan Province (also known as Dayingshan Volcano). The horseshoe-shaped volcanic cone is also a common appearance among volcanoes around the world. There are currently two explanations for its formation:

1) During the eruption of a basaltic volcano, after the magma channel is opened, the magma with a lower density usually erupts explosively first, forming a nearly circular or sub-circular debris cone. In the later stage, the volcano enters the overflow eruption stage, the pressure inside the magma chamber decreases, and the magma tends to overflow along the bottom of the debris cone. In this process, the lava flow will destroy the loose debris cone, thus forming a horseshoe-shaped cone;

2) The magma channels of volcanic eruptions are often in the form of fissures on the surface. As the volcano erupts, the fissures often expand longitudinally, extending far beyond the volcanic cone itself. The magma flows that overflow from these expanding fissures and fissure channels will destroy the already formed debris cones in the direction of their fracture extension and form a horseshoe-shaped gap in that direction.

The slope of the volcanic cone of Bugongqihan Volcano is low and gentle, and its outline is nearly circular when viewed from above. Part of the clastic cone is exposed in the southern part of the cone, and a relatively flat basaltic lava blanket is developed on the top of the cone. The volcano is mainly surrounded by a shield lava platform composed of large areas of basaltic lava flows. The main rock composition of the volcano is lava formed by multiple periods of basaltic magma eruption. A large amount of lava flows have strongly destroyed and transformed the clastic cone formed earlier. Multiple periods of lava are superimposed on each other on the slope of the volcano, gradually forming the shield cone of the volcano.

The Xiaotuhulushan volcano was formed in the Middle Pleistocene, with an altitude of about 668.2 meters. The volcanic cone is horseshoe-shaped, with a crater diameter of about 490 meters. There is a gap on the west side where the lava flow overflows. There are several scoria cones on the east side of the crater, with a total length of about 3 kilometers. The scoria cones are mainly composed of volcanic debris, volcanic ash and welded tuff formed by volcanic eruptions. Looking down at the cone of the Xiaotuhulushan volcano and the surrounding scoria cones, it looks like a huge foot stepping on a "Hot Wheels"!

The early eruption of the Nuominhe volcanic group formed a large basaltic lava platform in the lower reaches of the Bila River. The subsequent volcanic eruption exerted a violent tectonic force on the region, causing many large faults to form in the region and creating many natural volcanic landscapes in the volcanic area, one of which is called "Shenzhi Gorge". Shenzhi Gorge is about 70 kilometers long, 100-150 meters wide on both sides, with a drop of nearly 160 meters and an average depth of 40 meters. The Bila River flows through Shenzhi Gorge. Large black basalts on both sides of the river valley stand tall, and a variety of flowers, plants and trees grow on the stone walls. They are colorful in different seasons. Shenzhi Gorge is also known as the "First Gorge of Xing'an" by the locals. Compared with the secluded, strange, beautiful and beautiful "U"-shaped Grand Canyon of Tianchi Volcano in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province, the steep cliffs, undulating cliffs and strange peaks of Shenzhi Gorge are rare in the world.

The Grand Canyon of the Nuominhe Volcanic Area in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (also known as Shenzhi Gorge) in summer (left, source: Internet) and the U-shaped Grand Canyon of the Tianchi Volcano in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province (also known as Erdaobaihe Grand Canyon) in summer (right, original image)

Compared with the clear layers and majestic grandeur of the large active volcanoes such as Etna in Sicily, Italy, Vesuvius in Naples, Italy, Longgang in Jilin Province and Tianchi in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province, the huge amount of basaltic lava and basalt distributed in the Nomin River volcanic area can bring people infinite surprise and beauty!

Basaltic lava (locally known as Stone Sea) in the Nuominhe volcanic area (upper left picture, sourced from the Internet) and basalt (upper middle picture, sourced from the Internet), basaltic lava in the Etna volcanic area in Italy (upper right picture, original picture), basaltic lava in the Vesuvius volcanic area in Italy (lower left picture, original picture), basalt in the Longgang volcanic area in Jilin Province (lower middle picture, original picture) and basalt in the Tianchi volcanic area in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province (lower right picture, original picture)

The formation of the Nuomin River volcanic group is mainly controlled by the northeast-trending basement fault. There is a clear coupling between the volcanic eruption activity and the regional neotectonic differential uplift and fault activity. The crust thickness of the Nuomin River volcanic area is relatively thin. There are still magma chambers in the middle and lower crust at the bottom of the volcanic area. In addition, there are dual effects of lithosphere delamination and asthenosphere mantle material upwelling within the depth range of 40 to 150 kilometers. There are rich geothermal resources in the distribution area of ​​the volcanic group. At present, many springs and the "unfrozen river" (middle section of the Bila River) that will not freeze at minus 40℃ have been discovered, and gases such as H2O, CO2 and Rn are continuously released. The existing seismic monitoring data of the Nuomin River volcanic area show that the volcanic area is mainly micro-earthquakes, and occasionally perceptible earthquakes occur. From 2008 to 2024, there were more than 43 recorded earthquakes with a magnitude of ML1.0 or above in the volcanic area, including more than 25 earthquakes with a magnitude of 2.0 or above, all of which were tectonic earthquakes. The largest one was a magnitude 4.1 earthquake that occurred on April 20, 2014 (data from the Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Provincial Earthquake Administration, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Earthquake Administration and China Earthquake Networks Center). The above evidence shows that the Nomin River volcanic group is still active today.

The middle section of the Bila River (locally known as the Unfrozen River) in the Nuominhe Volcanic Area of ​​Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in winter (first from left, image from the Internet) and the hot springs in the Tianchi Volcanic Area of ​​Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province in winter (first from right, original image)

Dalaibin Lake (also known as Dalbin Lake) is a volcanic barrier lake in the Nuomin River volcanic area. "Dalbin" means "vast water" in the language of the Oroqen people in China. In short, Dalbin Lake is a wide lake. The lake surface of Dalbin Lake is oval in shape, with an altitude of about 527 meters and an area of ​​about 4 square kilometers. It is the largest inland lake in the Greater Khingan Range forest area of ​​Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The lake water is clear and green, like a natural "emerald" in the Greater Khingan Range. Dalbin Lake is a barrier lake formed by lava flow blocking the river valley after the eruption of the ancient Dalbin volcano. It is about 1,300 meters long from north to south, about 250 meters wide from east to west, with an area of ​​about 3.14 square kilometers and the deepest point of the lake is about 10 meters. It is also the most famous volcanic scenic spot in the volcanic area, known as the "natural tranquil ceiling". The lake surface is oval in shape, surrounded by mountains, and the lake water is clear to the bottom. In February 2000, it was approved by the State Forestry Administration to become a national forest park (national AAAA-level tourist attraction). The park has a total area of ​​about 220.81 square kilometers. The pristine forests and clear lakes in the park complement each other, as if telling the story of nature, forming a beautiful picture.

Compared with the refreshing Jiangsa National Wetland Park in Tibet Autonomous Region in winter, the foggy Dalbin Lake National Forest Park in autumn gives people a more majestic feeling. There are about 322 species of vertebrates in the park, including 5 national first-class protected animals and 40 national second-class protected animals. In the sea of ​​stones in the park, you can often see the round and furry figures of pikas (which look like mice and rabbits and belong to the family Ochotonidae). They jump around in the cracks of the stones, or run with branches and leaves in their mouths, or eat with food in their mouths, or stare at you with their eyes wide open. They look cute and funny, and their calls are like "birdsongs", which is very wonderful! Most of my country's pikas live in high-altitude areas, inhabiting various grasslands, mountains, forest edges and bare cliffs, digging holes or using natural stone crevices to live in groups. They are also common in the large active volcanic cone area of ​​Tianchi in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province, my country.

The Dalbin Lake National Forest Park in the misty autumn (upper left, sourced from the Internet), the Jiangsa National Wetland Park in the Tibet Autonomous Region, which is refreshing in winter (upper right, original image), pikas in the Nuomin River volcanic area (lower left, sourced from the Internet), and pikas in the Tianchi large active volcano area of ​​Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province (lower right, original image)

The swamp types in the Nuomin River volcanic area are diverse, and it is one of the important swamp distribution areas in China. It is mainly distributed with eutrophic water plantain swamps, mesotrophic herbaceous plants and sphagnum moss swamps, and oligotrophic larch, Ledum odoratum, and sphagnum moss swamps. It is the most representative swamp distribution area in the Greater Khingan Range of my country. The volcanic area is located in the global cold temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate zone. The eastern slope of the Greater Khingan Range is on the windward slope of the summer monsoon. The summer precipitation is relatively high, and the surface rivers and groundwater resources are very rich. Moreover, the soil formed by the weathering of a large amount of volcanic eruptions in the volcanic area is integrated with the local original humus soil. The soil is soft and fertile, rich in organic matter and minerals, as well as dozens of trace elements such as silicon, manganese, magnesium, and iron. Therefore, the rice grown in the volcanic area is richer in minerals, trace elements, amino acids and vitamins than ordinary rice, and the taste and nutritional value of rice are also significantly improved.

Rice grown in the Nuominhe volcanic area in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (left), the Jingbohu volcanic area in Heilongjiang Province (middle), and the Longgang volcanic area in Jilin Province (right) (all images are from the Internet)

This issue of science popularization ends! Friends, see you next time!

References in this issue:

[1] Xu Zhitao, Li Mengmeng, Sun Jinggui, et al. Genesis and diagenetic geodynamic background of Middle Jurassic rhyolite in Deerbul area, Daxinganling[J]. Journal of Jilin University: Earth Science Edition, 2023, 53(3), 866-886.

[2] Zhao Yongwei, Fan Qicheng, Bai Zhida, et al. Study on Quaternary volcanic activity in the Nuominhe-Kuilehe region of Daxinganling[J]. Science China: Earth Sciences, 2013, (9), 10.

[3] Xu Zhitao, Sun Liying, Li Zhongwei*, et al. Origin and tectonic significance of the Early Pleistocene basaltic lava in the Longgang volcanic area: Evidence from Rb-Sr isotope dating, elemental geochemistry and Pb isotope[J]. Journal of Jilin University: Earth Science Edition, 2023, 53(3), 887-903.

[4] Xie Zhenxin, Wu Qingju, Zhou Shiyong, et al. Study on crustal thickness and wave velocity ratio of the Nuominhe volcanic group in the Xingmeng orogenic belt[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2018, 61(12), 12.

[5] Xu Zhitao. Genesis and mineralization geodynamic background of the lead-zinc polymetallic deposits in Erguna, Inner Mongolia[D]. Jilin University, PhD thesis, 2020.

[6] Zou Xiaowen. Geochemical characteristics and geological significance of Cenozoic potash volcanic rocks in the Nuomin River in the northern section of Daxinganling[D]. Jilin University, Master's thesis, 2021.

[7] Ye Xiqing, Xu Zhitao*, Sun Liying, et al. Origin and tectonic significance of Miocene basalt in the Laohushan volcanic area, Jilin Province[J]. Earth Science, 2024, 49(4), 1352-1366.

[8] Hou Jie. Surface wave tomography of the Abagha, Arshan and Nuominhe volcanoes[J]. Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, PhD dissertation, 2023.

[9] Sun Liying, Yang Chen, Zhao Haishi, et al. Remote sensing geochemical inversion model based on extreme learning machine[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition). 2020, 50 (6), 1929-1938.

[10] Yan Donghan, Xu Zhitao*, Xu Yueren, et al. 14C dating of the Siping section of the Yitong-Shulan fault zone and its tectonic significance[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2022, 42(8): 835-839.

[11] Wang Di. Comparison of characteristics of the Late Mesozoic rock mass in the main ridge and its eastern slope in the southern section of Daxinganling[D]. Master's thesis, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 2015.

[12] Pan Xiaodong, Xu Zhitao, Li Mengmeng, et al. Multiple natural disasters and ecological security evaluation report on the construction of Changbai Mountain's whole-region tourism transportation system[R]. Jilin Provincial Seismological Bureau, 2022.

[13] Li Zhongwei, Xu Zhitao, Yan Donghan, et al. Project report on active fault exploration in the Siping section of the Yitong-Shulan fault in the northern extension of the Tanlu fault zone based on high-resolution remote sensing interpretation technology[R]. Jilin Provincial Seismological Bureau, 2020.

[14] Li Zhanjun, Sun Bo, Bu Qingshan. Feasibility of AA-grade green food rice production in Nuomin River Conservation Area [J]. Reclamation and Rice Cultivation, 2003, 3, 55-56.

[15] Huang Rong. Ecological efficiency evaluation and influencing factors analysis of rice cultivation in Jilin Province[D]. Jilin University, Master's thesis, 2023.

[16] Xu, ZT, Sun, JG, Liang, XL, et al. Genesis of ore-bearing volcanic rocks in the Derbur lead–zinc mining area of ​​the Erguna Massif, western slope of the Great Xing'an Range, NE China: Geochemistry, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes, and zircon U–Pb geochronology[J]. Geological Journal, 2019, 54(6), 3891-3908.

[17] Xu, ZT, Sun, LY, Ye, XQ, et al. U–Pb geochronology and geochemistry of dikes in the Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic field (NE China) and their relations with the coeval Jingbohu and Longgang monogenetic volcanic fields[J]. International Geology Review, 2023, 66 (3), 814-831.

[18] Xu, ZT, Ye, XQ, Pan, XD, et al. Geochemistry of apatites from preshield and postshield basalts and their petrogenetic implications: A case study of the Naitoushan basalt and Heishigou dike in the Changbaishan Tianchi volcano, NE China[J]. Mineralogy and Petrology, 2024, 118, 345-366.

[19] Xu, ZT, Liu, Y., Sun, JG, et al. Nature and ore formation of the Erdaohezi Pb-Zn deposit in the Great Xing'an Range, NE China[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2020, 119, 103385.

[20] Zhang. K., Liu, ZP, Xu, ZT, et al. Microbial and hydrothermal dolomite formation in Early Cretaceous lacustrine sediments in Yin'e Basin: Insights from petrology and geochemistry[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2024, 471, 106739.

[21] Li, MM, Xu, ZT*., Ventura, G., et al. Geochronology and petrogenesis of Early Pleistocene dikes in the Changbai Mountain volcanic field (NE China) based on geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic compositions[J]. Frontiers in Earth Science, 2021, 9, 729905.

Author of this issue: Sun Liying, Assistant Engineer of Jilin Earthquake Station and Jilin Provincial Earthquake Bureau

Xu Zhitao, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau, PhD

Salvotore G. Senior Researcher at the Etna Observatory in Catania, Italy

Eugenio N. Associate Professor, School of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy

Ye Xiqing, Engineer, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration

Ren Fangyu, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau, Assistant Engineer

Yang Fan, Associate Senior Engineer, College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University

Hou Wenfeng, Associate Senior Engineer, College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University

Wu Chengzhi, Senior Engineer, Earthquake Bureau, Changbai Mountain Management Committee, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Xu Yueren, Researcher at the Institute of Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration

Yi Jian, Associate Professor, School of Earth Sciences, Jilin University

Wei Lianhuan Associate Professor, School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University

Bao Bao, Deputy Senior Engineer, Xiao'ershan Volcano Seismic Observatory, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Zhang Hongyan, Deputy Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Hou Jie, PhD, First Monitoring Center, China Earthquake Administration

Liu Yinan, Deputy Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Monitoring Center, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Lu Yanhong, Deputy Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Liu Bingbing, Deputy Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Simona G Associate Researcher, Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy

Sveva·R·M PhD, University of Florence, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Cristiano T Senior Researcher, Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy

Li Zhongwei, Deputy Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Disaster Risk Prevention and Control Center, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Feng Jingqiao, Jilin Province Earthquake Disaster Risk Prevention and Control Center, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Deputy Senior Engineer

Pablo R.P. Associate Professor, School of Earth Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain

Elisa T Senior Researcher, Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy

Chen Zhaoxin, Engineer, Information Center, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration

Zhang Peng, Engineer of Jilin Province Seismological Bureau, Songyuan Earthquake Monitoring Center Station, Jilin Province

Zhang Xin Guangdong Provincial Earthquake Administration PhD, University of Science and Technology of China

Li Haiyan, Deputy Senior Engineer, Fujian Seismological Bureau

Zhang Yong, Researcher at the Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

Gu Alei, Deputy Senior Engineer, Tianjin Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey

Carolina B. Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy. PhD, University of Cambridge, UK

Ph.D., College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University

Zhang Xinwen, PhD, School of Earth Sciences, Jilin University

Wang Shu, PhD, School of Earth Sciences, Jilin University

Han Jilong, Postdoctoral Fellow, Development Center, China Geological Survey

Stefano C. Senior Researcher, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Wu Nier, Deputy Senior Engineer, Xinjiang Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Yan Wei, Deputy Senior Engineer, Xinjiang Seismological Bureau

Guo Mingrui, Deputy Senior Engineer, Hainan Provincial Seismological Bureau

Yu Lei, Deputy Senior Engineer, Anhui Earthquake Disaster Risk Prevention and Control Center, Anhui Seismological Bureau

Ailin P Assistant Researcher, National Commission on Space Activities of Argentina, National Scientific and Technological Research Council of Argentina

Roberto M PhD, University of Naples Federico II, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Arianna M Associate Researcher at Etna Observatory, Catania, Italy

Francesco L Senior Engineer, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Aldo B Senior Engineer, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Disclaimer: All pictures and texts in this article are for public benefit and do not have any commercial value.