Pigeons (family Columbidae) are a widely distributed and diverse family of birds, with over 308 species recorded worldwide. Besides the well-known domestic pigeons, many wild pigeon species inhabit forests, wetlands, cities, and mountains, exhibiting diverse forms and habits. Below are 20 of the most representative pigeon species, covering their ecological value, distribution areas, and conservation status.
1. Rock Pigeon (Columba livia)
Originally from Southern Europe, West Asia, and North Africa, it later spread widely to cities around the world, evolving into the domestic pigeon. It has a white cere at the base of its beak, a red iris, and a green or purple metallic sheen on its neck.
2. Columba palumbus
One of the largest pigeons in Europe, some populations are migratory, inhabiting forests, farmlands and urban gardens, and feeding on plants.
3. Bitter pigeon (Patagioenas picazuro)
Endemic to South America, with brown plumage, the name "picazuró" comes from the Guarani word for "bitter pigeon". It prefers to perch in trees and builds nests made of rough branches, usually laying one egg per clutch.
4. European dove (Streptopelia turtur)
A small migratory bird with distinctive spots on its wings. Its population has drastically declined due to habitat destruction and illegal hunting, and it is listed as a vulnerable species by the IUCN.
5. White-necked Pigeon (Patagioenas fasciata)
It is distributed in the high-altitude coniferous forests of the Americas, has blue-grey feathers and a white neck ring, makes a sound when taking off, and is usually gregarious.
6. Western Crested Pigeon (Goura cristata)
This large animal is native to New Guinea and is endemic to wetland forests. It is endangered due to hunting for its beautiful plumage and edible meat.
7. Spotted Turtle Dove (Spilopelia chinensis)
Native to India and Southeast Asia, it has long tail feathers, a beige body with white spots, and is adapted to urban environments. It feeds on seeds and fruits.
8. Mauritius Pink Pigeon (Nesoenas mayeri)
Found only in Mauritius, it is the only surviving pigeon species in the Mascarene Islands. Its survival is limited by artificially restored forests and it is listed as a vulnerable species.
9. Spotted Pigeon (Zenaida auriculata)
A common pigeon breed in South America, highly adaptable, and commonly found in cities, forests, and open areas. It has grayish-brown feathers and a forked tail.
10. Nicobar pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica)
Endemic to Southeast Asia, its feathers have a multicolored metallic sheen, making it one of the most vibrant pigeons in the world. It inhabits tropical islands and mangroves.
Brief descriptions of other pigeon breeds:
Red Spotted Dove (Zenaida aurita)
White-winged dove (Zenaida asiatica)
Senegalese dove (Spilopelia senegalensis)
African dove (Streptopelia decaocto)
Lead-gray pigeon (Patagioenas plumbea)
Short-billed pigeon (Patagioenas nigrirostris)
Jade Dove (Chalcophaps indica)
Striped dove (Geopelia striata)
Philippine dove (Gallicolumba luzonica)
Black-crested Dove (Patagioenas leucocephala)
Pigeons play an important role in the natural ecosystem, such as spreading seeds and maintaining the food chain, and deserve our renewed recognition and protection.
