The rabbit is coming!

Bunny

Using cute appearance

Confusing you

Their fortunes rise and fall

But it always affects your life

(A rabbit with an innocent face, picture source: Visual China)

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The lucky rabbit not only "ascended to heaven"

You can also accompany Chang'e

Enjoy the "right to live" on the moon

Worshiped every year

(Cute bunny, picture source: Visual China)

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The unlucky rabbit sacrificed his life for justice

Grilled, smoked, fried

Mouth-watering variety of eating methods

Capture the hearts of many diners

(Rabbit running away, photographer @徐永春)

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Bunnies are cute

But it's not just cute

They look harmless.

But in the fiercely competitive zodiac battle

Grab a spot

Besides being cute

What are the bunnies hiding?

What kind of strength?

rabbit

Born as a "vulnerable group"

Almost all carnivores have a taste for it.

(Snowshoe hare being hunted by Canadian lynx, image source: @Visual China)

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Rabbit's Ancestor

Dating back 62 million years

Anhui Model Pika

It is currently found in the world

The earliest lagomorphs

(Classification of Lagomorpha, drawn by @Hanqing/Planetary Research Institute)

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Its discovery proves the relationship between rabbits and mice

The former has four upper incisors and belongs to the **"Lagomorpha"**

The latter has two upper incisors and belongs to the **order "Rodentia"**

The Lagomorpha is further divided into two major branches

One of them is more primitive

Belongs to the family Ochotonidae

(Although the pika looks like a mouse, it is also a member of the order Lagomorpha. Photographer: @博涵)

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The long-eared rabbit we are familiar with

It belongs to the family Leporidae.

According to different nature

The rabbits are divided into

Hares, the wild rabbits

and burrowing rabbits

(Comparison between wild rabbits and burrowing rabbits. The Leporidae family is usually divided into two categories: wild rabbits and burrowing rabbits. Domestic rabbits are domesticated from wild burrowing rabbits. Map by @Hanqing/Planetary Research Institute)

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As a weak link in the food chain

In order to survive in a natural environment surrounded by powerful enemies

Rabbits have developed a unique way of life

They hide in caves and the night, hiding during the day and coming out at night.

Oversized ears act like radar

Can easily detect changes in the surroundings

(Alert rabbit, photographer @徐永春)

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To leave a way out for yourself

On weekdays, they also investigate

All the holes and crevices

When the enemy is chasing you

You can hide in the shelter in time

(The rabbit and its hiding place, image source: Visual China)

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They are cautious by nature

Know that it is better to be cautious than to be prudent

Not only do they frequently change their hiding places,

And also know how to hide your footprints

It can be said that

“A cunning rabbit has three burrows”

(Diagram of hare habitats and tracks. Hares usually have multiple hiding spots. When approaching a hiding spot, they will use a special jumping method. The footprints, direction and jumping distance are very different from normal. Map by @Hanqing/Planet Research Institute)

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If you are accidentally discovered by your natural enemies

Speed ​​is the key to saving lives

They are small

But has strong hind legs

This gives them extremely high short-term explosive power.

And can quickly change the running direction

(A running hare can reach a speed of about 60 kilometers per hour, picture source: Visual China)

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Even if there are rabbits killed

Rabbits have strong reproductive capacity

It also allows the race to continue

(The gestation period of the rabbit is only 28-33 days, and each litter can produce about 8 cubs, and about 6 litters can be produced each year. Image source: @Visual China)

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When the rabbit is hungry, it eats in the forest; when the rabbit is thirsty, it drinks in the river.

Although born weak

But the rabbits are still trying to survive

With agility and careful movements

In the cruel nature

"Break out" your own world

(Rabbit playing, picture source: Visual China)

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From the plateau to the fields

From desert to island

They can be found everywhere

(Distribution diagram of Leporidae species in China. There are two genera of wild rabbits in China, 11 species of Lepus and 1 species of Corydoras. Photographers: Zou Tao, Ao Yongmei, Wang Yufan, Visual China, Wikimedia Commons. Map by: Song Nan/Planetary Research Institute)

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The rabbit is so agile.

The whereabouts of the rabbit are so unpredictable

How were they "captured" by humans?

Becoming common livestock and pets?

Chasing the Rabbit

Maybe it started thousands of years ago.

Paleolithic

The Shangdingdong people had already used hares

Considered as prey

(A large number of rabbit bone fossils have been unearthed at the Zhoukoudian site. Photographer: @龙世杰, map by @冯艺卓/Planetary Research Institute)

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Catch these long-eared, long-legged little guys

It must not be easy

People used hunting nets and nailed wooden stakes

Placed at intersections and in the jungle

(From The Book of Songs: Rabbit Trap)

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"The rabbit traps are so tight, and the sound of the hammer is so loud… The rabbit traps are so tight, and they are set in Zhonglu… The rabbit traps are so tight, and they are set in Zhonglin."

A leaping rabbit is caught by a dog

Agile rabbit

Maybe only hounds can catch up

(A rabbit being chased by a hound, photographer @高国哲)

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They shuttle between the grass and the woods

That free and unrestrained figure deeply attracted humans

Therefore, their distinctive appearance

Incorporated into text

(“Rabbit” in oracle bone script and bronze inscription, illustration by Feng Yizhuo/Planet Research Institute)

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Shaped into objects

(The Western Zhou Rabbit Zun in the collection of Beijing Poly Art Museum has obvious characteristics of a wild rabbit. Photographer @柳叶氘, map @冯艺卓/Planet Research Institute)

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Running rabbit

It also stimulates people's desire to hunt

Since the beginning of the Shang Zhou

Rabbit hunting has become

Royal family favorite activities

(A divination of a rabbit hunting activity recorded in oracle bone inscriptions, drawn by @冯艺卓/Planetary Research Institute)

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Qin and Han Dynasties

The captured rabbits

Released in the emperor's garden

For hunting and entertainment

This is how the ancients began to train hares

(From "Xijing Miscellaneous Records")

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"King Xiao of Liang was fond of building palaces, gardens and parks, and he built the Yaohua Palace and the Rabbit Garden."

Rabbit hair is not only a good material for making fur

Can also be used to make pens

The rabbit hair brush is soft and round.

(White jade purple-hair brush with imperial inscriptions in the collection of the Palace Museum, photographer @柳叶氘, map @冯艺卓/Planetary Research Institute)

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Fur and edible value

Make rabbit breeding popular

They are kept in cages with chickens

Became a member of family farming

(The famous "chicken and rabbit in the same cage" problem in Sun Zi Suan Jing during the Northern and Southern Dynasties)

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"Now there are pheasants and rabbits in the same cage. There are thirty-five heads on top and ninety-four legs below. How many are there of the pheasants and rabbits?"

certainly

Too much vitality

Sometimes it brings disaster

Rabbits are rampant

Wipe out the crops

Once caused a "rabbit disaster"

(From "Book of Tang - Records of the Five Elements", this is the earliest record of rabbit damage in my country)

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"In Yongchun, the haze was so strong that rabbits harmed the crops. There were tens of thousands of them in a group, eating up all the crops. The rabbits were no longer seen."

In addition to being treated as livestock

Rabbits are also known for their cute appearance.

Captured more people's hearts

The best among them

A rabbit with pure white fur

(Cute white rabbit, photographer @张洪科)

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But in ancient China

White rabbits are very rare

Wild rabbits living in China

The fur is generally brown

Only the snow rabbit after winter molting

Or a very small number of rabbits with coat color gene mutations

The fur will appear white

(Swipe left to view, the left picture shows a snow rabbit after molting in winter, and the right picture shows a snow rabbit before molting, photographers @敖咏梅, wikimedia commons)

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In ancient times, white was considered auspicious.

Rare white rabbit

It is often accompanied by a grand ceremony.

Presented to the Emperor

(The Palace Museum has a collection of the Qing Leng piece "Two Rabbits Under the Wutong Tree". The rabbits in it are snow rabbits after molting in winter. The photographer is @柳叶氘)

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However, during the reign of Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty

The arrival of several ships from Southeast Asian countries

Breaking this situation

White rabbit carried on board

It caused a sensation for a while

People are rushing to buy and cultivate

White rabbit also became popular

So much so that it was already everywhere in the early Qing Dynasty

(From the "Ninghua County Annals", white rabbits may have been introduced to China earlier, but they became popular in the Ming Dynasty. The white rabbits in this record may be domestic rabbits that evolved from wild European rabbits, which have better reproductive ability than wild rabbits)

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"In the middle of Chongzhen's reign, ships brought white rabbits to Zhangzhou and Quanzhou. They were highly coveted and their prices soared to hundreds of gold. Later, as rabbits proliferated, their prices dropped sharply. Some people even lost their families and their lives because of rabbits. This was also a sin of the time."

In the Republic of China period

White rabbits have become common domestic animals

Some foreign rabbit species have also been introduced

Merchants buy rabbit hair and skins and sell them abroad

Rabbit breeding is gradually gaining ground

(In addition to meat, rabbit fur is also a good material for clothing. The picture shows farmers collecting rabbit fur in the 1980s. Photographer: @向新平)

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The Rabbit in Front of Wang Xie Hall in the Old Times

Jump into ordinary people's homes

Rabbits Entering Thousands of Households

Nature is bound to become a meal for humans

And they will also be on the human table

Breaking into a new world

The best bird to fly is the dove, and the best beast to walk is the rabbit.

Nutritional value of rabbit

No less than other common livestock

(Rabbit meat has the nutritional value of "three highs and three lows", namely "high protein, high lysine, high digestibility" and "low fat, low cholesterol, low energy", map by @Hanqing/Planetary Research Institute)

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In the Zhou Dynasty

Rabbit meat is only available to senior doctors

Delicious food

(From "Yili·Gongshi Dafuli" (The Rites of Rites), only senior officials can enjoy rabbit meat)

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"The officials of the highest rank shall be given twenty kinds of food, and the officials of the lower rank shall be given pheasants, rabbits, quails, and quails."

Different ways to cook rabbit meat

It has also been gradually developed

(From "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya·Hu Ye", in which "pao", "roasted" and "grilled" represent different ways of cooking rabbit meat)

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"Honored is this rabbit head, roasted and burnt...Honored is this rabbit head, roasted and grilled..."

Fried rabbit meat from the Han Dynasty

It is a delicacy that people want to "enjoy" even after they die

(The bamboo box and wooden sign of "Aotu Si" unearthed from the Mawangdui Han Tomb. The word "Ao" in the Han Dynasty refers to dry frying. Photographer @柳叶氘, map @冯艺卓/星球研究院)

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Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

The ancients believed that rabbits also had medicinal value

Its bones, brain, liver, and meat

There are corresponding dietary treatments

(Tao Hongjing recorded the medicinal value of rabbits in "Famous Doctors' Records", map by @冯艺卓/Planetary Research Institute)

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Northern Wei rabbit sauce

Rabbit head soup in the Tang Dynasty

Rabbit meat hot pot in the Song Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty Rabbit

Spicy Rabbit from the Ming Dynasty

Rabbit breast from the Qing Dynasty

... ...

From ancient times to the present

There are endless ways to cook rabbit meat

However, the real promotion of rabbit meat

Sichuan

(Topographic map of Sichuan Province, drawn by @Song Nan/Planet Research Institute)

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The Sichuan people's way of raising rabbits

It started around the Sui and Tang dynasties

(From "Tang Yulin Correction")

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"There used to be no rabbits or pigeons in Shu. During the Kaihuang period of the Sui Dynasty, Xun Xiu was stationed in Yizhou and ordered his men to buy rabbits and pigeons. Now pigeons are rare in Shu, but rabbits are plentiful."

There are mostly hilly and mountainous areas here, and the temperature is suitable

Provides an excellent environment for rabbits to reproduce

As one of the five major pastoral areas in the country

Sichuan's rich green forage resources

It also created a "paradise" for rabbits.

(Ruoergai Grassland Wetland in Sichuan. The main part of Yizhou during the Sui and Tang Dynasties was located in the Sichuan Basin. The picture is for illustration only. Photographer: @熊可)

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Although rabbits have amazing fertility

They only eat ordinary grass.

But raising rabbits is not an easy task

Once the rabbit density in the environment increases

And when hygiene cannot be guaranteed

The incidence of rabbits will increase significantly

Soon they will be "annihilated"

Therefore, the real development of Sichuan rabbit industry

We have to wait until the founding of New China.

In order to improve people's living conditions

The Sichuan government has repeatedly called on farmers to raise rabbits

And organize the processing and export of rabbit meat and rabbit skin

It can be said

"If you have a few rabbits at home, you won't have to worry about oil, salt and vinegar"

(Qu Yifang and his family, members of Fenggang East Team of Zangang Commune, Tanghe County, used their spare time to raise angora rabbits and earned 400 yuan in 1978. Image source: Visual China)

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After the Reform and Opening Up

The rabbit industry has entered an era of standardized breeding

Rabbit farming in rural areas is also a family sideline

Towards specialized production

Became

"If you have a hundred rabbits at home, you will never have to worry about having no clothes"

(Villagers use their hands to test the rabbit's body temperature, image source: @Visual China)

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Since 2001

Sichuan's rabbit breeding scale has always ranked first in the country

Annual output value is more than 20 billion yuan

Rabbit farming in rural areas has entered the path of scale

It can be said

"If you have a thousand rabbits at home, you will never have to worry about having no place to live"

(Rabbit farm, photographer @阿毛)

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Sichuan has also become a well-deserved

The largest province for rabbit breeding

Along with the booming rabbit industry comes

It's a crazy rabbit-eating craze

(Comparison of rabbit output in major provinces in China in 2021, map by @冯艺卓/Planet Research Institute)

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High protein and low fat rabbit meat

Although rich in nutritional value

But compared to chickens, ducks, cattle and sheep

The taste is too bland

The Sichuan cuisine is oily and spicy.

With a mixture of various seasonings

Perfectly makes up for the shortcomings of rabbit meat

(Common seasonings for Sichuan cuisine, image source: @Visual China)

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Rabbit meat cooked with Sichuan ingredients

Rich flavor and excellent taste

Soon it became popular throughout Sichuan

As the saying goes, “No rabbit, no feast”

(Rabbit meat has become an indispensable element in Sichuan cuisine banquets, picture source: @Visual China)

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Zigong, the Millennium Salt Capital

There are thousands of salt workers and salt transport troops

They need rations that have a long shelf life and are cheap

The dehydrated rabbit meat won their favor

This is

The predecessor of Zigong's "cold-eating rabbit"

(Zigong cold-eaten rabbit, photographer @公强)

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Guanghan people pickled rabbit

Brush more than ten kinds of spices into the rabbit's belly

Then tie the rabbit body with hemp rope and marinate and roast

This is called Guanghan's "Silk-wrapped Rabbit"

(Guanghan Silk-wrapped Rabbit, photographer @Deyang Culture and Tourism & Ganlin)

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Luzhou people soak rabbit meat in cold water

Then stir-fry with seasoning and simmer in broth

The Luzhou diving rabbit that has “taken a bath”

A unique flavor

(Luzhou Diving Rabbit, photographer @书是波)

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Rabbit heads are always thrown away as scraps

This attracted the attention of Shi Yugui from Chengdu.

She combined rabbit head with spicy hot pot

Spicy and refreshing rabbit head

Soon it became popular in Chengdu

(Shuangliu old mother rabbit head, picture source @Visual China)

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Sichuan cuisine takes rabbit meat to its extreme

Every year, about 100 million rabbits are eaten by Sichuan people.

More than 300 million

Rabbits living in Sichuan

More or less, they all carry a little

"The smell of fireworks"

(Rabbit meat delicacies on the streets of Sichuan, photographer @李小糖)

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but

Rabbit also has lofty ambitions

They are unwilling to just wander around in the human world

You also have to rely on your own unique "divine power"

Ascend to Immortality

In ancient society with low productivity

The size of the population determines the rise and fall of clans and countries

Rabbits with strong reproductive capacity

Nature is seen as a symbol of fertility

People carved jade into the image of a rabbit

Expressing fertility worship

(The Jade Rabbit from the Western Zhou Dynasty in the Guo State Museum, photographer @柳叶氘, map @冯艺卓/Planetary Research Institute)

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Maoyue (February)

It is the time when all things emerge from the ground

People will be full of life rabbit

Associated with the business-filled month of Mao

Therefore, the rabbit became the first of the twelve zodiac signs.

"Rabbit"

(The rabbit figurine of the Twelve Zodiac Pottery Figurines of the Tang Dynasty in the National Museum of China. The Twelve Zodiac Animals have been widely used as tomb guardians since the Sui and Tang Dynasties at the latest. Photographer @柳叶氘, map @冯艺卓/星球研究院)

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Rabbit pattern

It is also decorated everywhere

On Buddhist murals

It symbolizes reincarnation

(The "Three Rabbits with One Ear" image on the ceiling of Cave 407 of Mogao Grottoes [replica], photographer @柒哥)

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On top of common folk items

It symbolizes many children, good fortune, respect for the elderly and longevity.

(The Palace Museum has a Northern Song Dynasty tri-color fan-shaped pillow with a rabbit pattern. Rabbits often hold grass in their mouths to make nests before giving birth, so the "rabbit holding grass" pattern was a common decorative pattern in ancient times, implying the prosperity of descendants. Photographer @龙世杰, map @冯艺卓/星球研究院)

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It may be because the white fur is symmetrical with the moon.

Or the shape of a rabbit

Similar to a shadow in the moon

(From "Ling Xian")

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"The moon is the source of Yin essence, which accumulates to form a beast, like a rabbit."

Or the gestation period of rabbits

It coincides with the waxing and waning of the moon.

(From "Bowuzhi")

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"A rabbit licks its hair, looks at the moon and becomes pregnant, spewing out a baby from its mouth."

In conclusion

The rabbit gradually meets the moon

An indissoluble bond

(Yutu looking at the moon, photographer @万诱引力)

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Han Dynasty

People pursue immortality and becoming immortals

The feminine moon symbolizes reincarnation and immortality

The rabbit also jumped into the moon's spiritual animal

Symbolizes immortality and the immortal world

(Mawangdui Han Tomb Silk Painting, the upper left corner shows the golden toad and jade rabbit representing the moon and the heaven, photographer @刘众, map @汉青/星球研究院)

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In pursuit of immortality

Alchemy was popular in Han Dynasty society

However, reality is often cruel

People who left with regret

Entrust this job to the rabbit

Therefore, the portrait bricks in the tombs of the Han Dynasty

A rabbit pounding medicine often appears

Rabbit's magic medicine

Maybe it can really make the tomb owner

"Ascension to Heaven after Death"

(The Palace Museum has a door lintel relief stone of the Eastern Han Dynasty mythical beast Jade Rabbit pounding medicine, photographer @柳叶氘, map @冯艺卓/星球研究院)

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Every Mid-Autumn Festival

We will also think of the Moon Palace

Chang'e and the Jade Rabbit

Although as early as the Pre-Qin period

There are already records of Chang'e flying to the moon

But at this time, Chang'e had not yet met the rabbit.

(From "Wen Xin Diao Long·Zhu Zi Pian", which records the contents of the ancient book "Gui Zang" that was lost during the Warring States Period)

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"It is said that Yi killed ten suns, and Heng'e flew to the moon."

Han and Tang Dynasties

The interpretation of Chang'e flying to the moon is becoming more and more rich

Gradually evolved into the version of the story we are familiar with

(From Li Bai's "Asking the Moon with Wine" - My old friend Jia Chun asked me to ask it)

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"The white rabbit pounds medicine from autumn to spring, Chang'e lives alone, who is her neighbor?"

With the cute Jade Rabbit as your companion

Chang'e in the cold moon palace

Maybe I won't be so lonely anymore

(The National Museum of China has a Tang Dynasty "Da Ji" bronze mirror with a diamond pattern of Chang'e and the Moon Palace. It was popular in the Tang Dynasty to decorate the bronze mirrors with the images of Chang'e and the Jade Rabbit. Photographer @柳叶氘, map @冯艺卓/Planetary Research Institute)

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If you work hard, you can grind an iron rod into a needle

The rabbit working hard on the moon

Also "made" his own brand

A needle shop in the late Northern Song Dynasty

The White Rabbit Pounding Medicine was used as a trademark

(The "White Rabbit" copper plate and print sample of the "Jinan Liujia Kungfu Needle Shop" in the Northern Song Dynasty are collected in the National Museum of China. This is the earliest trademark in the world. Photographer @Wu Yidan, map @Feng Yizhuo/Planet Research Institute)

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In the Qing Dynasty

The rabbit is independent from the moon

Gained independent godhood

Legend has it that

During the years of plague

The Jade Rabbit was assigned by Chang'e

It is dressed in official uniform and holds a pestle.

Coming from the Moon Palace

Eliminate disasters and diseases for the people of Beijing

The people call him "Rabbit Lord"

(The Capital Museum has an old Beijing Rabbit God. The Rabbit God was created in the Ming Dynasty. It was originally a game doll created for children to worship the Moon God. In the Qing Dynasty, it became an object of worship for every family in the capital during the Mid-Autumn Festival. Photographer @老猪的碎碎念 (Han Xinhui), map @冯艺卓/星球研究院)

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Time flies

China has entered the space age

Two lunar rovers were named Yutu

This time, with my own mission

The Rabbit Really Came to the Moon

(From December 14, 2013 to July 31, 2016, Yutu worked on the moon for a total of 972 days. The base map is from @POCKN, and is tagged @王申雯/Planetary Research Institute)

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Weak rabbit

Destined to not be able to "lie flat" on the food chain

Therefore, they have become a tenacious existence in nature.

(Rabbit in the snow, image source: @Visual China)

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And gradually became everyone's favorite pet

Became a familiar and lovely member of the family

(Cute pet rabbit, picture source: Visual China)

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They are quiet and reserved, like the moon.

In an age of sickness and anxiety

It has become a spiritual sustenance for people

Bringing healing and comfort to everyone

(The Rabbit God in Beijing's Eight Great Hutongs, photographer @柒哥)

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For thousands of years

Under the cute appearance of the rabbit

Hidden layers of meaning

Tenacity, satiety, fertility, healing, etc.

People's yearning for a happy life

Wish you all

In this lovely Year of the Rabbit

**“Rabbit”** is making rapid progress!

The former **"rabbit"** is as bright as brocade!

Raise your eyebrows and be angry!

Great **rabbit**!

!!! ...

This article was created by

Written by : Huang Taiji **Edited by: **Ding Ding

Image : Long Shijie Design : Han Qing & Feng Yizhuo

**Map: **Song Nan**Cover Photographer: **Sheng Yue

Proofreading : Lin Xuanwen & Hong He

Audit Expert

Zhang Jinshuo, deputy director and research curator of the National Museum of Zoology

Lv Peng, Associate Researcher, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

Note:

Since no wild rabbit fossils have been found in China so far, there is still debate in the academic community about the origin of Chinese rabbits. There are two theories: the local theory and the foreign theory. Some scholars believe that they evolved from the wild rabbits that have become extinct in the local area, while others believe that they were introduced from the West via the Silk Road during the Han Dynasty. Still others believe that domestic rabbits were introduced from Europe in the middle of the Ming Dynasty and spread on a large scale in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. This article cites the third view.

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