Datong Volcano Group has a group of "volcano babies"? If you don't believe it, take a look →

The Datong Volcano Group is located in Yunzhou District, Datong City, Shanxi Province, China. It is the only Quaternary volcano group in the world developed on the Loess Plateau. The area of ​​the volcano group distribution area is about 129.8 square kilometers. The volcano group includes more than 30 volcanoes, including Jinshan Volcano, Heishan Volcano, Xiaoniutoushan Volcano, Langwoshan Volcano, Xiaoshan Volcano, Gelaoshan Volcano, Shuangshan Volcano, Bugaoshan Volcano, Laohushan Volcano, Pailoushan Volcano, Moershan Volcano, Haotiansi Volcano, Dongpingshan Volcano, Yunzhou Xishan Volcano, Naotoushan Volcano and Gushan Volcano. These volcanoes are distributed along the northwest direction in the Datong Basin between the Kouquan Fault and the Liulingshan North Foot Fault. The latest activity age of the two faults is the Holocene. Among them, Heishan Volcano is about 1429.8 meters above sea level, which is the highest volcano in the volcano group. In 2009, the Datong Volcano Group was rated as a provincial geological park and in 2012 it was rated as a national geological park.

Spatial distribution map of some volcanoes in the Datong volcanic group in Shanxi Province and digital elevation model map of the volcanic area (from GF-2 and GF-6 earth observation images and the National Geographic Information Public Service Platform)

The Datong volcanic group is often divided into four regions: east, west, south, and north. Among them, Jinshan Volcano, Langwoshan Volcano, Gelaoshan Volcano, Matishan Volcano, and Haotian Temple Volcano are all concentrated in the west. In general, the eruption activities of the Datong volcanic group began in the late Early Pleistocene to the early Middle Pleistocene and ended in the early Late Pleistocene, but the activities of the volcanic group in the southeast area were slightly earlier than those in the northwest area. The volcanic eruption types of the Datong volcanic group are fissure and central eruptions. The volcanic landforms mainly include volcanic cones, craters, lava tunnels, and lava terraces. The rock types in the volcanic area are mainly basic rocks such as basalt, basaltic lava, and pyroclastic rocks. The minerals visible to the naked eye in the rocks are mainly pyroxene, olivine, and spinel.

The large active volcano Krakatoa in Indonesia (left), the large active volcano Stromboli in Italy (middle) and the large active volcano Tianchi in Changbai Mountain, China (right) (all original images)

The Datong volcanic group is located in the tectonic geomorphic pattern of the north-northeast shear tension fault basin in eastern China. The average slip rate of the Kouquanshan fault in the volcanic area is 0.17-0.40 mm/year, and the average slip rate of the fault at the northern foot of Liuling Mountain is 0.30-0.80 mm/year. The existing earthquake monitoring data of the Datong volcanic group show that the earthquakes in the volcanic group are mainly micro-earthquakes. From 2008 to 2023, more than 52 micro-earthquakes were recorded in the volcanic group, which were mainly natural tectonic earthquakes (data from the Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Shanxi Province Earthquake Administration and China Earthquake Networks Center). Geophysical exploration data of the volcanic group show that there are still magma chambers within the crustal range of 10-20 kilometers at the bottom of the volcanic group. Compared with the Krakatoa volcano in Indonesia that had a world-shaking eruption in 1883, the Stromboli volcano in Italy that has been gently spewing hot magma all year round, and the Tianchi volcano in Changbai Mountain in China that had a global eruption in 946 AD, the Datong volcanic group seems to be telling the thrilling tectonic and magmatic movements in ancient times with its current silence!

Jinshan Volcano in spring (top left, top left, and top right, pictures from the Internet), some volcanoes of the Datong Volcanic Group in summer (top right, original picture), Langwoshan Volcano in summer (bottom left, original picture), Langwoshan Volcano surrounded by clouds and mist (bottom middle picture, picture from the Internet) and Haotiansishan Volcano in summer (bottom right, picture from the Internet)

Jinshan Volcano is located in the northwest corner of the Datong Volcanic Group. It is the second highest volcano in the volcanic group. It is about 1,369 meters above sea level and has a crater diameter of about 273 meters. The volcanic cone is relatively well preserved. There is a gap on the northeast side of the crater, overlooking the entire volcano in a horseshoe shape. Between 740,000 and 100,000 years ago, the volcano erupted many times, and the basaltic lava, pyroclastic rocks and volcanic ash formed covered the surface of the volcanic cone. Under the sunlight, it is shining and glittering, so it is named Jinshan. Due to artificial quarrying and excavation, many quarrying pits have been formed on the southern slope of the Jinshan Volcano. Various volcanic eruption products such as volcanic bombs, volcanic ash, pyroclastic rocks, volcanic lava and basalt can be observed in the exposed profile. The landform of Jinshan Volcano after artificial transformation is similar to the Beiliandanlu Volcano of the Ulan Hada Volcanic Group in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which resembles the "Mars landform". There are five or six caves on the hillside south of Jinshan Volcano, one of which has painted murals. There is a temperature difference between the inside and outside of these caves, and thick fog forms at the cave entrances in summer and autumn, which is also known as the "cloud cave wonder" by the locals. At the same time, there are several small hill-shaped monogenic volcanic cones around Jinshan Volcano, also known as fetal volcanoes by the locals. The diameter of these cones is concentrated in 20-50 meters, like a group of "volcano babies" nestling around Jinshan Volcano!

The volcanic cones of Jinshan Volcano, Heishan Volcano, Haotian Temple Volcano and Langwoshan Volcano are all pyroclastic cones, and the volcanic slag deposits are well-stratified. The closer to the crater, the more obvious the red pyroclastic layer inside. Black pyroclastic layers are generally developed outside the crater, and there are often very few gray-black lava layers between the clastic layers. The bottom of the cone far from the crater is generally developed with basaltic lava layers, and is covered by Quaternary sediments.

The craters of Haotian Temple Volcano, Heishan Volcano, Laohushan Volcano and Ge Laoshan Volcano are pit-shaped, with steep slopes of the cones at an angle of 18–33°, and the outline of the volcanic cones is truncated cones. The craters of Jinshan Volcano, Langwoshan Volcano, Matishan Volcano and Yangyangwa Volcano all have gaps where lava flows overflow, and the outlines of the volcanic cones are all horseshoe-shaped. Volcanoes such as Tantou Volcano and Daxinzhuang Volcano have no obvious craters. The outlines of the volcanoes are shield-shaped, with a small slope of the cones at an angle of 3–9°. Volcanoes such as Dayukou Volcano and Qiulinyu Volcano erupted along the fault at the northern foot of Liuling Mountain. The pyroclastics and lava flows produced by the eruption flowed down the hillside. The outline of the volcanic cone is semi-conical, and the south side of the crater is steep Mesozoic granite. The deepest crater in the Datong volcanic group is Langwoshan Volcano, which is 30–50 meters deep. There is also a late-formed crater in the crater, which is also called a parasitic volcano.

The Haotian Temple Mountain Volcano, with an altitude of about 1,151 meters, was formed by two volcanic eruptions, the first about 300,000 years ago and the second about 100,000 years ago. There is a Haotian Temple on the top of the mountain, which is famous for its long history and culture and unique architectural location. The volcano and the Haotian Temple together show the beauty of harmonious coexistence between man and nature. Exquisite chalcedony minerals (such as agate) can be seen in the basalt and pyroclastic rock formations around the Langwoshan volcano, especially in the exposed basalt on the hillside. The volcanic eruption products in the volcanic group are often transported by water, causing some agate to be washed into the gravel layer of the riverbed or ancient river channel. Therefore, checking in the Datong volcanic group can not only experience the fun of exploring the volcanic geological landscape, but also pick up precious Datong volcanic agate!

If the columnar basalt of Guabu Volcano in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province displays exquisite beauty, and the massive trachyte of Tianchi Volcano in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province gives birth to unique grandeur, danger and seclusion, then the massive basaltic lava and base wave deposits formed by the eruption of the Datong volcanic group located on the Loess Plateau will surely make you feel the tranquility and magic of nature!

Basaltic lava in the Datong volcanic area of ​​Shanxi Province (first from left), basalt in the Guabushan volcanic area of ​​Jiangsu Province (middle), and trachyte in the Tianchi volcanic area of ​​Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province (first from right) (all original images)

Additional popular science:

Did you know? Datong, Shanxi Province, not only has the magnificent Datong volcano group, but also has a large area of ​​breathtaking earth forests. Earth forests are a series of landforms in the shape of towers, cones, castles, earth platforms, earth pillars, earth cliffs, earth ridges and earth walls formed by the erosion of a large number of soil sediments that have not yet been completely consolidated into rocks. Compared with the earth forests in the Yuanmou Basin of Yunnan Province and the Zhada Basin of Ali, Tibet Autonomous Region, the Datong earth forests are not isolated on the Loess Plateau, but are hidden below the horizon. Looking straight ahead, you can only see the vast land, but looking down, you will find that the earth forests are hidden in it. Under different natural light, the earth forests can show different colors such as yellow, white and red. Walking in the earth forests is like being in a "devil's city". Looking down at the entire Datong earth forest, it looks like a huge "flowing oil painting". The Datong earth forest and the magnificent and varied mud forest landscape in Qian'an County, Jilin Province, together constitute a rare Quaternary geological wonder in northern China.

Earth forests in Zhada County, Tibet Autonomous Region (top left, sourced from the Internet), Earth forests in Yuanmou County, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province (top middle, original image), Earth forests in Datong City, Shanxi Province (top right, bottom left, and bottom second left; top right is original image, the rest are sourced from the Internet), and Mud forests in Qian'an County, Jilin Province (bottom right, bottom second right, original images)

See the essence through the phenomenon:

After the ancient lake dried up, the strata deposited at the bottom of the lake were quickly exposed to the surface. Under the erosion and weathering of surface water, the unconsolidated ancient lake sediments were strongly leached, and many crisscrossing gullies appeared on the ground. Gradually, the gullies became deeper and wider from shallow, and the flat land was cut into castle-like and wall-like landforms, which were then eroded and weathered to form a large number of columnar and cone-shaped landscapes. The places where these landscapes appear in concentration are vividly called earth forests. Because the loose sediments have very poor adhesion to each other and are easily destroyed or transformed by the erosion of flowing water, the earth forest landform can generally only exist for a long time in arid or semi-arid areas. It should be noted that although the strata deposited in the ancient lake have not been completely consolidated, during the process of tectonic uplift and under the influence of later water evaporation and thermal expansion and contraction, cracks mainly in the vertical direction will be generated. The crisscrossing joints cut the strata into blocks and strips, and surface precipitation and weathering can easily erode downward along these joints. Therefore, the landscapes we see in the Earth Forest Scenic Area, whether they are castle-shaped or wall-shaped, have very straight boundaries, and even the columnar landscapes have obvious traces of joint cutting.

Because of its special composition and formation environment, the soil forest landform is not as resistant to weathering and erosion as the stone forest. Therefore, from the perspective of the entire earth evolution process, the soil forest is only a flash in the pan in the long geological evolution history. But for people today, it is precisely because of the variability of the soil forest landscape that they can personally feel the vicissitudes of the earth when they are in it. From the perspective of billions of years of earth evolution history, the Datong soil forest will soon die out, but from the perspective of our human history, in the last few hundred years, the basic pattern of the Datong soil forest will not change much. But the old landscape will eventually die out, and new landscapes will also appear. This is the magic of the soil forest. So, while we appreciate the beauty of the soil forest, we should also pay attention to protecting the precious soil forest landscape.

This issue of science popularization ends! Friends, see you next time!

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Author of this issue: Xu Zhitao, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Volcanoes, China Earthquake Administration, Italian Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (Rome, Naples and Catania Branches), Senior Engineer/PhD

Ye Xiqing, Engineer of Volcano Laboratory, China Earthquake Administration Institute of Volcanology, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration

Li Mengmeng, Engineer, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Volcano Laboratory, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Institute of Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration

Sun Liying, Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Pan Bo, Researcher/PhD, Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration

Shi Feng Associate Researcher/PhD, National Field Research Station for Continental Rift Dynamics, Taiyuan, Shanxi, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration

Eugenio N. Professor/PhD, School of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy

Sveva·R·M PhD, University of Florence, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Matteo S. Italian Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (Rome) PhD, University of Lyon 1 (Faculty of Natural Sciences), France

Yan Hengqi, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau, Assistant Engineer

Zhang Hongyan, Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Liu Bingyang Jilin Province Earthquake Administration Information Center (Emergency Service Center) Assistant Engineer

Ma Xi Associate Researcher/PhD, National Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics and Strong Earthquake Prediction, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration

Zhang Yong, Researcher/PhD, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

Xu Yueren, Researcher/PhD, Institute of Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration

Li Wenqiao, Senior Engineer/PhD, Institute of Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration

Xu Duyuan, Assistant Researcher/PhD, National Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics and Strong Earthquake Prediction, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration

Zhang Peng, Engineer of Jilin Province Seismological Bureau, Songyuan Earthquake Monitoring Center Station, Jilin Province

Zhang Yu, Senior Engineer, Chengdu Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey

Li Zhongwei, Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Disaster Risk Prevention and Control Center, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Feng Jingqiao, Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Disaster Risk Prevention and Control Center, Jilin Seismological Bureau

Jia Lin, Engineer, Jilin Province Earthquake Disaster Risk Prevention and Control Center, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration

Chen Mingyang Northwest Bureau of China Metallurgical Geology Bureau China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) Engineer

Stefano C. Senior Researcher/PhD, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Emilio C. Senior Engineer/PhD, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Yu Hongmei Associate Researcher/PhD, Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Volcanology, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration

Shan Houxiang Associate Researcher/PhD, Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Volcanology, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration

Ma Xiaoxi, Senior Engineer/PhD, Jilin Earthquake Station and Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Han Bing Associate Researcher/PhD, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration

Wei Feixiang Associate Researcher/PhD, Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Volcanoes, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration

Gu Guohui, Engineer of Volcano Laboratory, China Earthquake Administration Institute of Volcanology, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration

Guan Sheng, Engineer, Volcano Laboratory, China Earthquake Administration Institute of Volcanology, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration

Song Yujia, Engineer of Volcano Laboratory, China Earthquake Administration Institute of Volcanology, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration

Li Haiyan, Senior Engineer/PhD, Fujian Natural Disaster Prevention and Control Technology Research Institute, Fujian Seismological Bureau

Lin Zeling, Senior Engineer, Fujian Geological Bureau

Hou Jie, Engineer/PhD, First Monitoring Center, China Earthquake Administration

Yi Jian Associate Professor/PhD, School of Earth Sciences, Jilin University

Wang Shu, PhD, School of Earth Sciences, Jilin University

Zhang Xinwen, PhD, School of Earth Sciences, Jilin University

Ph.D., College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University

Former Senior Engineer of Yongdong Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Li Bingsu, Senior Engineer/PhD, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Jia Baojin, Senior Engineer, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Bao Baoxiao, Senior Engineer, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Xi Wenya, Engineer, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Li Tengyu Assistant Engineer, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Wang Hui, Assistant Engineer, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Qi Wei, Engineer, Jilin Province Longgang Volcano Monitoring Station, Jilin Province Seismological Bureau

Wu Nier, Senior Engineer, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Yan Wei, Senior Engineer, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Zhang Xin, Guangdong Provincial Seismological Bureau, Senior Engineer/PhD, University of Science and Technology of China

Gu Alei Senior Engineer/PhD, Tianjin Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey

Zou Yaoyao Engineer/PhD, Wuhan Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey

Cui Sen, Senior Engineer, Wuhan Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey

Zhang Baosong Senior Engineer, Nanjing Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey

Han Xiaofeng, Senior Engineer, Xi'an Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey

Han Jilong, Engineer/Postdoctoral Fellow, Development Center, China Geological Survey

Bai Chenglin PhD, School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing)

Wu Taotao, Senior Engineer/PhD, Shenyang Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey

Zhang Peng, Senior Engineer, Shenyang Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey

Zhang Kun Assistant Researcher/Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University

Pablo R.P. Associate Professor/PhD, School of Earth Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain

Chu Xiaolei, PhD, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University

Zhao Chuntao Assistant Researcher/PhD, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Zhao Wenbin, Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Xu Zhikai, Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Liu Chaoyang Postdoctoral Fellow, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Zhu Kai Assistant Researcher/Postdoctoral Fellow, Guiyang Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Zhang Sen, Postdoctoral Fellow, College of Geological Engineering and Surveying, Chang'an University

Xu Chuan Postdoctoral fellow, School of Geophysics, Chengdu University of Technology

Francesco L. Senior Engineer/PhD, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

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