Which is more powerful, a black hole or a wormhole? What do they have in common and what are the differences?

They both seem to be holes, but they are two different kinds of holes. One is a real hole, and the other is a fake hole. To know which is the real hole and which is the fake hole, you can tell by looking at it.

What they have in common is that they are all the result of extreme gravity.

These two "holes" are predicted by Einstein's gravitational field theory and are the inevitable result of infinite gravity. Now black holes have been confirmed to exist, and their true appearance has been photographed by scientists around the world, that is, the M87 black hole photo. But wormholes still exist in theory and have not been found to exist in reality.

This has led to some controversy, with some people believing that wormholes do not exist, and others believing that black holes and white holes are the entrances and exits of wormholes. But the problem is that white holes have not been discovered so far.

The formation mechanism of black holes

The main mechanism of black hole formation is that the mass of an object is extremely compressed. When it is compressed to its own Schwarzschild radius, it will become a black hole. The so-called Schwarzschild radius is an exact solution of Einstein's gravitational field, which is an inevitable result under extreme gravity. This theory was discovered by Karl Schwarzschild shortly after Einstein published his general theory of relativity in 1916.

The Schwarzschild radius is a critical point that every object has. As long as there is enough pressure to compress itself to this critical point, it will become a black hole. There are two ways for celestial bodies in the universe to reach this extreme pressure: one is the extreme gravitational contraction pressure of the core of a massive star, which will cause the core material to be extremely dense; the other is that when the mass of an extremely dense celestial body, a neutron star, reaches the Oppenheimer limit, which is about 3 solar masses, it will continue to collapse into a black hole.

The mass of a star that forms a black hole generally needs to be more than 30 times the mass of the sun, and the mass of a star that forms a neutron star generally needs to be more than 8 times the mass of the sun. After a star with a mass of more than 30 times the mass of the sun explodes in a supernova, the extreme pressure will compress the already extremely dense core directly into its own Schwarzschild radius, which may leave behind a black hole with a mass of more than 3 times the mass of the sun; after a star with a mass of more than 8 times the mass of the sun explodes in a supernova, the core may leave behind a neutron star with a mass of more than 1.44 times the mass of the sun.

Due to their extreme gravitational force, neutron stars will absorb surrounding stellar matter onto themselves, continuously increasing their mass. When the mass reaches the Oppenheimer limit, the neutron degeneracy pressure can no longer support their own gravitational contraction pressure, and they will collapse into a black hole.

How to understand Schwarzschild radius

When matter is compressed by extreme pressure into its own Schwarzschild radius, a strange phenomenon will occur: all matter will infinitely collapse into an infinitely small singularity at the core, and an extremely distorted space with nothing in it will form around the singularity. This spherical space is the Schwarzschild radius, also called the event horizon.

In this spherical space, gravity reaches infinity and no matter how strong it is, it cannot escape, including light, which travels at about 300,000 kilometers per second.

The size of the Schwarzschild radius is proportional to the mass, and the calculation formula is: R=2GM/C^2. Here R represents the Schwarzschild radius, G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the object, and C is the speed of light. According to this formula, the Schwarzschild radius can be calculated from the mass of the object; the mass of the object can also be calculated from the observed Schwarzschild radius.

Any object has its own Schwarzschild radius. For example, the Schwarzschild radius of the sun is 2952 meters, the Schwarzschild radius of the earth is about 9 millimeters, and the Schwarzschild radius of an atom is about 1.48*10^-37 meters.

Theoretically, there can be extremely small black holes. Many extremely small primordial black holes may have been produced during the Big Bang. However, according to the black hole evaporation theory, the smaller the black hole, the faster it evaporates, and the larger the black hole, the slower it evaporates. Therefore, those primordial black holes are likely to have evaporated. These black holes have not been found in the universe now. The smallest stellar black hole is larger than 3 solar masses.

It takes 106.4 billion years for a black hole with the mass of one sun to evaporate completely. The Schwarzschild radius of a black hole with a mass of 1 billion tons is only 1.48*10-18 meters, but it will take trillions of years to evaporate. A black hole of kiloton mass can evaporate in just one second, and an atomic-scale black hole is gone in an instant. Therefore, these small black holes cannot have any impact on humans.

Massive black holes are never full

The main function of a black hole is to eat all kinds of matter, and it can never be full. The more massive a black hole is, the faster it eats. Once it enters its Schwarzschild radius extreme gravitational field, no matter what it is, can escape. The largest black hole discovered so far is numbered SDSS J073739.96+384413.2, with a mass 104 billion times that of the sun, equivalent to half the mass of the Milky Way!

The black hole that scientists took the first photo of is called M87 black hole, which is 6.5 billion times the mass of the sun and can swallow one solar mass every 10 years. Recently, a black hole with a mass of 34 billion times the mass of the sun was discovered, called J215, which can swallow one solar mass every day. You should know that the mass of the sun is 1.9891*10^30kg, which is equivalent to 330,000 Earth masses.

Wormhole formation mechanism

The formation of wormholes is also based on gravitational fields, but unlike black holes, wormholes are not celestial entities. Instead, they are holes formed by the strong distortion of space-time. This hole is a space-time tunnel that brings two distant spaces closer together, making space-time travel possible. The concept of wormholes was first proposed by Austrian physicist Ludwig Frame, and later incorporated into the theory of gravitational fields by Einstein and Nathan Rosen, and is also known as the Einstein-Rosen bridge.

Therefore, a wormhole is a hole, a space-time tunnel, or a bridge connecting time and space.

Our universe is filled with various celestial bodies. Their mass and movement disturb the surrounding space-time. We can imagine these invisible space-time as the ocean. Due to the disturbance of celestial bodies, there are many whirlpools in this ocean. Sometimes a small hole will appear in the center of these space-time whirlpools, leading directly to the bottom of the water. If people drill through this hole, they can reach the bottom of the water faster.

This space-time vortex will connect two distant spaces together. If you can enter this space-time tunnel, it will be like a train going through a tunnel. You can reach the distant destination faster without increasing the speed. Others believe that this space-time tunnel can connect parallel universes, thus crossing the boundaries of the universe.

Wormholes are still fiction, black holes have long been discovered

Up to now, wormholes have not been discovered, but black holes have long been confirmed to exist. In 2017, scientists also took a photo of the M87 black hole, which is 55 million light years away, and saw the true face of the black hole. The discovery and study of black holes have once again confirmed the predictions of Einstein's general theory of relativity, and many scientists have won the Nobel Prize.

Generally speaking, a black hole is a single celestial entity, while a wormhole is just a space-time phenomenon. Therefore, a wormhole and a black hole are completely different things, just like a chef and a barber, one provides food for people, and the other cuts hair for others, who do you think is better?

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