An 800-year-old underwater blind box

35th Anniversary of the Discovery of Nanhai I

Special production

It is China that takes the initiative to carry out underwater archaeological work.

First Project

It witnessed China's underwater archaeology

From inception to growth

It is a sunken ship from the Southern Song Dynasty loaded with more than 180,000 treasures.

Its value is immeasurable

It is

"Nanhai I"

(Collection of cultural relics recovered from the "Nanhai I", photographers @李咸良,柳叶丹阅, Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum, Archaeological Report on the Nanhai I Shipwreck II: Survey from 2014 to 2015 (Part 1 and 2), Map @汉青/星球研究院)

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One day 800 years ago

It sailed from the largest port in the world at the time

Started my journey

But unfortunately it was swallowed by the sea on the way.

The waves carrying mud and sand submerged it

The mud on the seabed buried it deep

Its time has been frozen.

And its reawakening

We have to start from 35 years ago

A joint investigation

01

Awakening from the bottom of the sea

- Discovery of "Nanhai I" -

One day in 1987

A research vessel is floating

In the waters of the Chuanshan Islands in the South China Sea, Guangdong Province

Personnel from Guangzhou Rescue and Salvage Bureau and British salvage company

Using sonar on the ship to detect the seabed

They are searching for a

A Dutch merchant ship named Rheinberg

According to records

This ship is filled with silver and tin ingots.

It's sinking here

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the waters of Chuanshan Islands, Guangdong Province, photographer @陈碧信)

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The search has been going on for a while.

Just when they thought today would be a failure

Grab bucket of survey vessel

A large number of artifacts were salvaged from the seabed.

There are ceramics, bronze, tin, gold, iron, etc.

A total of 247 cultural relics

There is one more

1.72-meter-long gold chain

Years of immersion in sea water

It has not dimmed its light at all

(Song Jin necklace, Guangdong Provincial Museum, photographer @柳叶氘, map @汉青/星球研究院)

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Surprisingly,

These objects are very different from the cargo of the Rheinberg.

The porcelain has obvious characteristics of the Southern Song Dynasty.

At this moment, under the research ship

It was not the Dutch merchant ship the British were looking for.

It was a Chinese Southern Song shipwreck.

(The location of the "Nanhai I" shipwreck is in the border waters between Yangjiang and Jiangmen, map by @Chen Zhihao/Planet Research Institute)

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In the mud on the seabed

What is sealed is 800 years of time and memory

Let's open this "time capsule"

Get a glimpse of the mysterious shipwreck that once surrounded it

All kinds of people

And their stories

[Chapters 2-5 are character stories written based on archaeological data and documentary records. They contain a certain amount of interpretation and aim to restore stories related to "Nanhai I" for readers from the perspective of the parties involved.]

02

Officials

- Trade and Sailing Approval in the Southern Song Dynasty -

Winter is coming soon

Citong Port

Still a busy scene

Winding coastline

With open water

This is where many deep-water ports are gathered.

(Quanzhou was called "Zitong" in ancient times. The picture shows Citong Port in a broad sense, including the harbors in the lower reaches of Jinjiang River from Neiao in Meizhou Bay in the north to Lianhe in Weitou Bay in the south. Map by @Chen Zhihao/Planet Research Institute)

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As the largest overseas trading port in the world at that time

This is where merchants, travelers and missionaries from all over the world gather.

You can always hear it in the streets

Voices from around the world

(Quanzhou religious stone carvings, photographers @Yang Hu, Yao Lu, Quanzhou Overseas Transportation History Museum, Fujian Province, map @Han Qing/Planet Research Institute)

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Large and small ships

Full of porcelain and silk

Waiting here for departure

If nothing unexpected happens

In a few months they will

Bringing back countless ivory, spices and jewels

(Quanzhou Shihu Wharf, first built in the Tang Dynasty, was one of the important outer ports of Quanzhou Bay during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Photographer: @雾雨川)

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With the development of maritime transportation and foreign trade

Commercial tax has become one of the important sources of revenue for the government.

Since the Northern Song Dynasty

The government established important trading ports

Set up the Maritime Customs Office

Collect taxes and fees from merchant ships

(Quanzhou Maritime Customs Site, photographer @吴文理, annotated @汉青/星球研究院)

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After the Song Dynasty moved south

Land transportation is restricted

Southeast coastal trade is becoming more prosperous

The status and income of the Shibosi also increased accordingly.

(Distribution of Maritime Customs Offices in the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties. The establishment time of some Maritime Customs Offices is still controversial. This map is only for reference. Map by @陈志浩/星球研究院)

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Shibosi

An official is processing a merchant ship's application to sail

He checked the record list submitted by the ship owner

It is recorded in detail

Ships, people, cargo and destinations at sea

In order to ensure that no contraband items are carried

The ship owner also found three local wealthy businessmen to act as guarantors.

(From Volume 56 of Dongpo Collection of Essays: A Petition to Forbid Merchants from Passing Through Foreign Countries)

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"All merchants are allowed to go to foreign countries by sea to trade... and they are also required to call three households with material resources in the local area to guarantee that there will be no weapons among their goods."

Look at this ship, it's fully documented.

The ship owner has also registered and paid taxes.

The officials did not conduct too many inspections.

The certificate was issued soon.

He couldn't help but look forward to the upcoming wind prayer ceremony.

According to local tradition

Every winter

Officials will see the ship off at the port.

Then they will climb the nearby Jiuri Mountain

Carve the sailing information on the rocks

Pray that the crew has a smooth voyage.

In the summer of next year

They will hold the ceremony again

Hope the crew return safely.

(Quanzhou Jiuri Mountain Stone Carvings, Photographer @周先丽)

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According to regulations

Merchant ships returning from abroad

You have to return to the port of departure to pay high taxes

How much tax is levied

It will also become an important assessment indicator for officials

But he might be disappointed.

Because he will never wait again

The ship's return to port

03

Rich businessman

- Cargo on board -

After coming out of the Maritime Customs

The businessman finally breathed a sigh of relief

Years of hard work

With a passion for business and acumen

He had his own merchant ship.

(From "Song Hui Yao" Volume 166 Criminal Law 2)

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"In Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, Fuzhou, Xinghua, and other coastal areas, the people who built boats and ships provided their own financial resources to engage in trade for profit."

But in Citong City

There are many businessmen like him.

A considerable number of them come from foreign countries.

If you are successful in business

Even be granted an official position by the imperial court

(In order to attract foreign businessmen during the Song and Yuan dynasties, the government adopted the policy of "granting officials to businessmen". The owner of this tombstone became the "Daruhachi" (i.e. county magistrate) of Yongchun County. Image source @Fujian Province Quanzhou Overseas Transportation History Museum, map @Hanqing/Planetary Research Institute)

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Secretly dreaming that one day I would be given an official title because of this

Merchants are preparing to ship a ship of ceramics

Selling to the Arab region

(The "Nanhai I" Dehua kiln blue-and-white porcelain halberd is used by Muslims for worship. A large number of Islamic-style utensils were found on the ship, which may eventually be sold to the Arab region. Image source: Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum, map by Hanqing/Planet Research Institute)

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Cheap and easy-to-use ceramics

Very popular abroad

With the strong support of the Song Dynasty government

This made China almost monopolize the porcelain trade at that time.

Under the crazy demand for porcelain overseas

Southeast Coastal Area

There are also a large number of kilns that mainly export goods.

Merchant ships loaded with porcelain

Heading overseas

In exchange for expensive spices and treasures

Both sides can make huge profits

(Distribution map of the main porcelain kilns unearthed from the "Nanhai I". Most of the porcelain on board came from Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangxi. Therefore, archaeologists speculate that the ship was likely to have departed from Quanzhou Port. Photographers @柳叶氘,周昫光,勇气水,广东Maritime Silk Road Museum, map @陈志浩,汉青/星球研究院)

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The wealthy businessman specially built a kiln near the departure point

Purchased a large number of porcelain

Although the quality of these porcelains varies

But export porcelain has always won by quantity.

Good-quality and low-priced porcelain never has trouble selling

Once they reach their destination, they will be sold out.

besides

He also specially designed patterns based on foreign styles.

Customized a batch of porcelain and ornaments

These goods will be sold at a high price.

(Exotic-style ornaments on the "Nanhai I". Some people also believe that these gold ornaments belonged to Arab merchants on the ship. Image source: Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum, map by Hanqing/Planet Research Institute)

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In addition to more than 100,000 pieces of porcelain, the cargo on board

There are also other items such as silk, ironware, bamboo and wood lacquerware

Most of them are sold goods

But the rich businessman would never tell the Maritime Customs

He also secretly hid some other "goods" on the ship

[There is controversy about the nature of "Nanhai I", there are two views: private merchant ship (smuggling) and official merchant ship (no smuggling). This article adopts the former view.]

Prosperous foreign trade

Make copper coins a hard currency for overseas transactions

Purchasing power abroad is far greater than that domestic

(From Volume 1 of "Bizhuo Gaolue")

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"One guan of silver can be exchanged for a hundred guan of foreign goods, and a hundred guan of silver can be exchanged for a thousand guan of foreign goods."

Massive outflow of money

This caused a "money shortage" in the country

(From "History of the Song Dynasty" Volume 184 Food and Goods)

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"Gold, silver, copper and iron were transported by sea, and much was lost, but copper coins were lost even more severely."

Therefore, the government has repeatedly ordered

It is strictly forbidden for ship merchants to carry copper coins when going out to sea

Violators will not only have all their goods confiscated

Will be charged with a felony

(From "Song Hui Yao" Volume 166 Criminal Law 2)

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"After the boat is on the move, if anyone reports the crime and is found guilty, the boat and cargo will be confiscated, regardless of the amount of money or cash."

But in the face of huge interests

Businessmen take risks

On his boat

Carrying a huge amount of copper coins and copper materials

(More than 15,000 copper coins were found on the "Nanhai I", picture source @Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum, map @Hanqing/Planet Research Institute)

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Although I don't know how the merchants

Hidden from the inspection of the Maritime Customs

But fortunately these extra cargoes

Not discovered

A businessman who thought he had hidden something

Dreaming of getting rich in a foreign country

Completely unaware of the true disaster

Waiting for him behind.

04

Boat Master

- Ship structure, navigation technology and routes -

A fierce wind blows from the port

The boatman looks out to sea

Although the sea seems calm now

But he has lived by the sea since he was a child.

Knowing the unpredictable wind and undercurrent

According to past experience

Merchant ships will be in the autumn and winter

Sailing with the North Wind

And in early summer of next year

Following the southerly sea breeze back home

(China's summer and winter monsoon wind direction map. Ancient Chinese navigation relied on wind power. The Nanhai No. 1 should have departed from the southeast coast in winter and sailed towards Southeast Asia along the northwest monsoon. Map by @陈志浩/星球研究院)

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The ship he was on

It is a common "Fuchuan" in Quanzhou area.

The special structure of the Fuchuan

It is suitable for long-distance ocean voyages in complex weather conditions.

(Schematic diagram of the restoration of the hull structure of "Nanhai I". Quanzhou in the Song and Yuan dynasties had the most advanced shipbuilding technology in the world at that time. Map by @冯艺卓,汉青/星球研究院)

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Protruding bottom

Increased draft

Wide hull

Although the ship's speed was slowed down

But it greatly increases stability

(The bottom of the Fuchuan is V-shaped, image by @冯艺卓/Planet Research Institute)

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The cabins are sealed and independent from each other

In this way, even if the ship is hit by a reef and a hole is formed

It won't flood the entire cabin.

(Watertight bulkhead technology is one of the Chinese shipbuilding inventions, dating back to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Map by @冯艺卓,汉青/星球研究院)

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The hull is made of multiple wooden planks.

Thick layers between

Fill with hemp and putty

It is also reinforced with mortise and tenon joints and rivets.

(Details of the splicing of the "Nanhai I" shipboard, picture source @Nanhai I Shipwreck Archaeological Report II: 2014-2015 Survey (Part 1), map @Hanqing/Planetary Research Institute)

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Everyone on board has their own mission.

As a boat master

His position is second only to that of the manager.

More than a hundred people on board died

It's all in his hands

Because he is responsible for the most core link

course

The destination of this trip is far away in West Asia

He planned to follow the route from the Tang Dynasty to

Stops in Southeast Asia and India

Finally reached the Arab region

(Please watch horizontally, Quanzhou overseas transportation map during the Song and Yuan dynasties. The routes from Song and Yuan China to foreign lands can be divided into two directions: east and west. To the east, you can reach Japan and Korea, and to the west, you can reach Arabia and the east coast of Africa through Southeast Asia. Map by @Chen Zhihao/Planet Research Institute)

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In order to accurately determine the route

During the day

He would refer to his navigation notes.

Compare the islands along the way and the position of the sun

(The compass book records the route direction and geographical information along the way. The picture is a Qing Dynasty artifact and is for illustration only. The picture comes from @Quanzhou Museum, and the map is @Hanqing/Planet Research Institute)

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At night

He will use the astronomical board and the astronomical ruler

Measuring the height of the stars

(The star-pulling board has a total of twelve square wooden boards, which can be used to measure the height of the stars at the location from the horizontal plane. The closer the North Star is to the horizontal plane, the closer the ship is to the South China Sea countries. Photographer @姚璐, map @汉青/星球研究院)

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When bad luck

When encountering dense fog

You can only rely on a compass to determine the direction

(Compass and compass, the compass is a Ming Dynasty artifact, for illustration only, photographer @柳叶氘, map @汉青/星球研究院)

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The ship is about to sail

Looking at the heavy objects on the deck and the full cargo hold

The boat master felt a little uneasy.

Even if the ship is stable

Too heavy hull and too high center of gravity

This will increase the risk of capsizing.

But this was a common phenomenon at the time

He could only pray silently.

Hope Mazu bless you

Let this voyage avoid wind and waves

(Quanzhou Tianhou Temple is a temple dedicated to Mazu. The belief in Mazu originated in Fujian during the Song Dynasty. Local residents believed that Mazu was in charge of maritime shipping and was the patron saint of seafarers. Opposite it is the ruins of Dejimen in the Southern Song Dynasty. Photographer: @李文博, tagged: @汉青/星球研究院)

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05

sailor

- Life on the ship and the final sinking -

It’s sailing season

The docks are full of fleets recruiting workers

The sailor found a job without much difficulty.

The ship he was going to was medium to large.

It can accommodate about 200 people.

(From "Menglianglu" Volume 12 River and Sea Warships)

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"The big ones have 5,000 tons of cargo and can carry 500 to 600 people. The medium ones have 2,000 to 1,000 tons of cargo and can also carry 200 to 300 people."

Like most people working on a ship

The sailor's wages were pitifully low.

But everyone in the city does some small business.

He paid for it out of his own pocket before sailing

Purchased a batch of porcelain

The money earned after selling the goods abroad

That's his reward

The sailor and his companions

Before sailing

Loading cargo onto ship

Most of them are fragile porcelain

This requires extra caution

He stacked the porcelain bowls and plates

The porcelain vases were stacked end to end

Use grass leaves or straw to pad between objects.

The outside is then tied up with thin wooden boards and bamboo strips.

(Porcelains closely arranged on the "Nanhai I", image source @Nanhai I Shipwreck Archaeological Report II: 2014-2015 Survey (Part 1), map @Hanqing/Planetary Research Institute)

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In order to make the most of the space

Large porcelain jar

It will be covered with a small porcelain box or porcelain cover

The gaps between each stack of objects

It is also filled with various small pieces of porcelain.

(A four-handled jar with blue-and-white glaze printed on the "Nanhai I", with a small porcelain bottle inside, photographer @李咸良, ​​Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum, map @汉青/星球研究院)

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The ship also carried hundreds of tons of ironware.

He tied the iron tools with rattan

Evenly press on other goods

(Ironware packaging on the "Nanhai I", image source @Nanhai I Shipwreck Archaeological Report II: 2014-2015 Survey (Part 1), map @Hanqing/Planetary Research Institute)

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More than a hundred people on board

According to the level of their own position

Each of them carried large and small cargoes.

In order to distinguish

The owner's name is written on the bottom of the porcelain.

And hang a wooden sign on the goods

(The ink writing on the bottom of the porcelain and the wooden cargo tag on the "Nanhai I", the picture comes from @Nanhai I Shipwreck Archaeological Report II: 2014-2015 Survey (Part 2), map @Hanqing/Planetary Research Institute)

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Because there is no worry about sales

Everyone is trying their best to bring more

This time the cargo seems to be more than before

Soon, the cabin was packed full.

(Please watch in horizontal mode. The Nanhai I has 15 cabins, each of which is loaded with a variety of goods. Image source: @Nanhai I Shipwreck Archaeological Report II: 2014-2015 Survey (Part 1), tagged @Hanqing/Planetary Research Institute)

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It's evening since we sailed

The sailor was so hungry that his chest was sticking to his back.

Fortunately, the sound of dinner was heard.

On a long sea voyage

In addition to the essential fresh water

The crew also brewed their own wine.

In addition, they will also bring a lot of pickled foods and nuts.

and living creatures such as sheep, chickens, and geese

Easy to feed

It can also provide eggs and milk for the crew.

In their spare time, they would also catch some fish.

(“Nanhai I” on the tip of the tongue, plant pictures from @Nanhai I Shipwreck Archaeological Report II: 2014-2015 Survey (Part 2), map @Hanqing/Planetary Research Institute)

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The sailor was drinking

Eating roast lamb

Chatting and singing with people on the same boat

Talking about how to make a fortune abroad

After a good meal

The people on the boat returned to their respective resting places.

Only wealthy merchants and senior boatmen

To live in the stern cabin on the deck

An ordinary sailor like him

Can only squeeze into the small cargo hold below the deck

Put a piece of wood on the cargo and lie down

(From Volume 2 of Pingzhou Ke Tan)

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"The ships were several dozen feet deep and wide, and the merchants divided them up to store goods. Each person had a few feet to store goods and sleep on top at night."

How many days have you been away?

Life at sea is boring

Many people brought chess and dice

A group of people sat in the cabin

Talking and pointing out the world with the sound of wind and waves

(Chess pieces unearthed from a shipwreck in the Southern Song Dynasty in Quanzhou, image source @Fujian Province Quanzhou Overseas Transportation History Museum, map @Hanqing/Planet Research Institute)

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When the game is in full swing

The ship suddenly shook violently and abnormally.

The sailor rushed to the deck.

The strong wind mixed with the sea water almost blew him down

The sea breeze tonight is suddenly strong

The nearly 400-ton ship was in the face of the raging waves.

Like a lonely boat swaying

Every time a huge wave rises

As if to swallow it

Sea conditions are getting worse

Under the command of the Master and the Boatswain

The sailors hurriedly adjusted the mast

Dropping the heavy objects on the deck

But it's too late

Overweight hull

And the pressure on the upper part of the cabin porcelain and the deck

Hundreds of tons of iron

The ship cannot withstand strong winds and waves.

(Some shipwrecks from the Song and Yuan dynasties had iron objects pressed on top of porcelain to increase the center of gravity and slow down the swing cycle, thereby avoiding cargo damage. However, if encountering bad weather, the possibility of capsizing may increase. Map by @冯艺卓,汉青/星球研究院)

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[There is no conclusion yet on the cause of the sinking of the Nanhai I. Some scholars speculate that it was caused by the special loading method of the ship and the strong monsoon. This article only presents this view. There are still other scholars who hold different views. The specific situation still needs to wait for the follow-up excavation and research of the Nanhai I.]

No matter how good the sailors' navigation skills are,

No way to resist the violence of nature

In the continuous surge

The ship quickly disappeared into the sea.

The sailor fell into the sea in despair

Cold sea water in winter

He soon lost consciousness.

The sailor who could no longer realize his dream of wealth

Along with the valuable cargo

Buried in the dark sea

This sinking

More than 800 years

06

Reappearance! "Nanhai I"

- Salvage and Archaeological Excavation -

Time comes back to 1987

After discovering the wreck

It was named

"Nanhai I"

Simple name

It represents the Chinese archaeologists' understanding of the underwater world.

The expectation of infinite possibilities

(Cultural relics salvaged from the "Nanhai I", image source: @Nanhai I Shipwreck Archaeological Report II: 2014-2015 Survey (Part 1))

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But at that time, China's underwater archaeology was just beginning

Faced with financial and technical constraints

The excavation plan can only be temporarily shelved

Taking this as an opportunity

China began to develop a

Our own underwater archaeological team

Archaeologists put on diving suits

Started hard training

(Photo of the underwater archaeological team at work, source: South China Sea I Shipwreck Archaeological Report 2: 2014-2015 Survey (Part 1))

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More than ten years later

The official archaeological survey of "Nanhai I" begins

But the archaeologists are faced with another challenge.

Turbid sand and dim light

The visibility on the seabed is extremely low

Archaeological work can only be carried out in the dark.

This has greatly hampered archaeological investigations.

Experts have come up with a solution to this problem.

That is

Overall salvage

(Demonstration of the salvage process of "Nanhai I", first use an iron box to cover the sunken ship, then use cement blocks to press the iron box so that it is completely embedded in the seabed mud, use a beam to separate the iron box from top to bottom, and finally pull the upper iron box wrapped around the sunken ship to the surface of the water, map @冯艺卓/星球研究院)

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This is an unprecedented salvage plan.

Involving multiple disciplines and professional fields

The entire project took 264 days

21 large ships deployed

Divers entered the water 3016 times

Total diving time: 198,000 minutes

finally

December 22, 2007

With Asia's first gondola

The rise of the giant arm of the "Hua Tianlong"

Caisson full of treasures

Slowly rising above the sea

After sleeping in the sea for eight hundred years

"Nanhai I" has once again returned to the world's attention

(Photo of the salvage site of the "Hua Tianlong". The two ships representing the most advanced technology of their respective times met in this way. Photo source: @Visual China)

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Afterwards

It was transported to Hailing Island not far away

There is a museum dedicated to it.

Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum

(The caisson carrying the "Nanhai I" enters the "Crystal Palace" in the museum. Image source: Archaeological Report on the Nanhai I Shipwreck II: Investigation from 2014 to 2015 (Part 1))

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There

With the audience's eyes

"Nanhai I" will undergo the most detailed archaeological excavation

(Archaeologists excavating the site in the museum, where the archaeological data collected can be accurate to millimeters, photographer @杨睿)

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As of 2016

The cultural relics found on the "Nanhai I" include

More than 170,000 pieces of ceramics

More than 120 tons of ironware

180 gold items

More than 15,000 copper coins

More than 260 gold and silver coins

There are also bamboo and wood lacquerware, copper and tinware, silk traces, etc.

From the discovery in 1987

Until the salvage in 2007

The excavation will be basically completed in 2019.

Archaeological work on the "Nanhai I"

Total cost

32 years

During these thirty years

China Underwater Archaeology

From nothing to something, from weak to strong

From "sighing in despair" to "daring to be the first in the world"

Behind this

How many Chinese archaeologists are there?

Sleepless days and nights and dedication

(On December 24, 2007, when the moon was full, the barge carrying the "Nanhai I" docked at the temporary dock on Hailing Island in Guangdong. Image source: Visual China)

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07

end

Song Dynasty

Although in the impression of "poor and weak"

But it also once had the most prosperous sea routes in the world

Sending Chinese influences to the world

There was once a most glorious oriental commercial city

It has nurtured a world-renowned business civilization

(Please watch in horizontal mode. Quanzhou Shihu Port has now become a container terminal and a bonded area near the port, witnessing the prosperity of the ancient Maritime Silk Road and the current development of Quanzhou. Photographer: Yang Futian)

In such an era

A group of sea adventurers

They had great courage

With the blessings of family

With the country's expectations

Heading to the ocean

But they didn't come back

They are in the cold water

Waiting for eight hundred years

The shipwreck is a half-written script

The discovery of the "Nanhai I"

Continue their story

Let us take a glimpse

The common people in that great age of navigation

In this 3 million square kilometers

Under the Blue Land

In this road full of BMW and carved carriages

Maritime Silk Road

How many shipwrecks and stories are there?

Sleeping quietly on the seabed

Waiting for us to discover?

(The main distribution of shipwrecks in China's waters. 14 important shipwreck sites are selected in the map. As of 2016, my country has discovered 241 underwater cultural relics (excluding data from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan), including 115 shipwreck sites. It is estimated that there are at least 2,000 shipwrecks in my country's waters. Map by @陈志浩/星球研究院)

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This article was created by

Written by | Huang Taiji

Editor | Director

Design | Feng Yizhuo & Han Qing

Map | Chen Zhihao

Photo | Xu Ying

Proofreading | Li Zhangziwei & A Shao & Chen Jingyi

Audit Expert

Sun Jian, deputy director of the Archaeological Research Center of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage

Ye Daoyang, deputy director of the Underwater Archaeology and Technology Department of Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum

Special thanks

Yang Rui, associate researcher at the Archaeological Research Center of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage

Quanzhou Overseas Transportation History Museum, Fujian Province

Quanzhou Museum

【References】You can scroll up and down to view

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