Let’s go and see the Grand Canal!

Open China map

We will find the great rivers in eastern China

Almost all of them flow from west to east.

There is only one road that runs north-south and runs through them one by one.

Including Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River, Qiantang River, etc.

A large number of rivers

It's so special

It is not naturally formed

It is an artificial canal 1,794 kilometers long.

The Grand Canal

(Please watch in horizontal mode, a long map of the landscape along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal; Friendly reminder: The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is not yet fully open to navigation, so do not go into the water without permission. In some sections of the river where cruise ships have been opened, you can take a boat for a pleasant crossing experience. Map by @吴昕恬/星球研究院)

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It lies on the plain

There are no rough waves in the water

(Please watch in horizontal mode, busy transportation in Huai'an section of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, photographer @贺敬华)

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It flows in the fields

There are no cliffs on both sides

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the Baodai Bridge in Suzhou section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and the modern highway bridge in the same frame, photographer @丁嘉一)

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Busy time

It's a race of thousands of sails

In decline

It's like a forgotten corner

(Some sections of the Grand Canal were once littered with garbage; the picture below shows modern shipping and the ancient Grand Canal, photographer @丁嘉一)

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2014

It is connected with the Grand Canal of Sui and Tang Dynasties and the East Zhejiang Canal.

Together they form the "Grand Canal of China"

As the earliest excavated

The longest-used canal with the largest span

Listed as a World Heritage Site

(Comparison of the lengths of the world's famous canals. The "Grand Canal of China" is truly the "King of Canals". Map by @漫頭/星球研究院)

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The Grand Canal is of great significance to our civilization

What does it mean?

Today we look back at its past

What will you see next?

(Some scholars have found that the amount of grain transported by the Grand Canal can be used as a measure of the power and stability of the dynasty; the figure below is a chart showing the rise and fall of dynasties from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty and the smooth flow of the canal, drawn by @漫頭/星球研究院)

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According to the Planetary Research Institute

It has witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties.

I have also witnessed the fate of thousands of living beings.

01

Grand Plan

1271 AD

Beijing was the capital of the Yuan Dynasty

The capital of the ancient unified dynasty of China

First move north to the foot of Yanshan Mountain

In order to control both the grassland and the Central Plains

(Map of the Yuan Dynasty territory in 1280 AD, drawn by @Wu Xintian/Planet Research Institute)

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then

A glorious capital city rises from the ground

(Because Jin Zhongdu had been burned down at that time, Yuan Dadu was replanned and rebuilt in the northeast of Jin Zhongdu; the picture below is a bird's-eye view of the terrain around Beijing. The photographer was above Huailai County, Hebei Province, and his view passed through the urban areas of Beijing and Tianjin and directly reached the Bohai Sea coast. The straight-line distance is more than 200 kilometers. The photographer is @陈肖)

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But at this time

Long-term war and large-scale migration of population to the south

The North's economic advantage has been lost

The huge capital city of the empire is simply unable to support

The rising wealth of Jiangnan is thousands of miles away.

How can we solve the supply problem in the capital?

(The prosperous Jiangnan water town of Suzhou, photographer @张晶)

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The previous rulers have already given the answer

As early as the Sui Yang Emperor

It connected the city with Luoyang and Chang'an as its center.

The Grand Canal of the Sui and Tang Dynasties connecting the north and the south

Used to supply food and military supplies to the north

This method of transporting food and grass by water is far more efficient than by land.

Known as " Caoyun "

now

The Yuan Empire established its capital in Beijing

From the map

If a canal was built from Jiangnan to Beijing

No need to go through Luoyang anymore

It is completely possible to cut the bend and go straight to Dadu

The difficulty seems to be much easier than the Grand Canal of Sui and Tang Dynasties.

But is this really the case?

(The route and construction time of the "Grand Canal of China". The entire route began as early as the Spring and Autumn Period more than 2,500 years ago. Map by @吴昕恬/Planet Research Institute)

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02

problem

Builders of the Grand Canal

The first problem we faced was

Water Source

Jiangnan has abundant water resources

The North China Plain is relatively dry and has little rainfall

But Beijing, Shandong and other places are higher than Jiangnan.

It is impossible to borrow water from Jiangnan to North China

(Please watch in horizontal screen, topographic map along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, drawn by @漫頭/星球研究院)

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In Beijing

We must find water flowing southward

Guo Shoujing, an outstanding water conservancy expert in the Yuan Dynasty

Building a canal along the foothills in northwest Beijing

It gathers many springs and streams such as Baifu Spring

(The Changping Dulongwang Temple, used to guard the Baifu Spring, photographer @君作刀)

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To introduce enough water

Even deliberately detoured 30 kilometers

Finally arrived at Jishuitan, the end point of the canal transport

This is the " Bai Fuquan Water Diversion Project "

(Please watch horizontally, the "Bai Fuquan" water diversion project is schematically shown. At that time, Jishuitan covered the area of ​​Shichahai and Houhai in Beijing today; the northern part of Changping was selected as the royal mausoleum in the Ming Dynasty, and the section from Bai Fuquan to Wengshan Lake was abandoned. Map by @吴昕恬&漫頭/星球研究院)

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In Shandong

You need to find a water source

Flowing to the south and north

People seek water from the central mountains

Several lakes were set up for water storage.

It is called " water tank "

Ming Dynasty

At the suggestion of Bai Ying, a local who is familiar with the terrain

Located in Nanwang, a high-lying area in the north of Jining City

Daicun Dam was built to block the water of Wen River

(Please watch in horizontal mode, Nanwang Water Conservancy Project, Map by @吴昕恬&漫頭/Planet Research Institute)

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Then through Xiaowen River to Nanwang Water Diversion Port

Seven parts of water flow north, and three parts flow south

Commonly known as "70% to the emperor, 30% to the south of the Yangtze River"

This is the " Nanwang Water Conservancy Project "

(Please watch in horizontal mode. The main body of the Daicun Dam, an important facility for water interception, is divided into three dam sections with different heights. Image source: Visual China)

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In Jiangsu

The many lakes along the route can replenish water for the canal

But sluice gates are needed between rivers and lakes.

To prevent the lake from sucking water back into the canal during the dry season

(Lakes are often windy and turbulent, which is not conducive to sailing in ancient times, so waterways were often dug beside the lakes; the picture below is the canal beside Luoma Lake in Jiangsu Province, photographer @吴亦丹&李琼)

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Solved the water source

Builders of the Grand Canal

There is a second problem

terrain

The Grand Canal from Beijing to Tianjin

And Shandong to Jiangsu section

There are several tens of meters of terrain difference

Not only will it cause limited water sources to flow away quickly

The fast-flowing river also poses a danger to boating.

And you have to go upstream and climb over the high ground

In ancient times, people could only rely on human and animal power.

It's also a pretty big problem

(The Shandong section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, photographer @吴亦丹)

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to this end

From the Yuan Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty

Dozens of locks were built along the way.

It can not only control the amount of water and save water

It can also form a cascade lock by opening and closing alternately.

Help the boat climb to a higher point

Or go down the rapids

Especially the so-called "Spine of the Canal"

Shandong Huitong River Section

It is called " Zhahe " because of its many locks.

(Please watch in horizontal mode, schematic diagram of the operation principle of the cascade ship lock, map by @漫頭/星球研究院)

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In the low-lying river section

People have also invented a clever and low-cost way

Reduce the flow of water from high places

Replacement of locks with complex operation and maintenance

Take the Cangzhou section in Hebei as an example

Some sections of the river are even below sea level.

Heavy rains and floods are common in North China in summer.

So people deliberately set up hundreds of bends here

Prolong the retention time of river water

Creating space to reduce water potential

It is called "three bends equal to one gate"

(Aerial photo of the canal bend in Cangzhou, Hebei, photographer @吴亦丹)

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Solved the water source and terrain problems

The canal builders faced a third challenge

Crossing the River

The Grand Canal runs through the north and south

Intersecting with the five major water systems in the east

The most difficult of these is

The Yellow River frequently changes its course and carries a lot of mud and sand

(Please watch in horizontal mode. The Yellow River has undergone six major diversions in history. The picture below is the Yellow River estuary wetland in Dongying, Shandong Province today. Photographer: @王生晖)

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Most of the time from the Yuan Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty

It was not like today, crossing Shandong and entering the sea.

Instead, they seized the Huaihe River channel in Jiangsu to reach the sea.

A huge amount of silt piled up to form a high riverbed

(Sketch of the Yellow River "hanging river", drawn by @王申雯/Planetary Research Institute)

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As the water level of the Yellow River is higher

To prevent the river from backflowing when "crossing the river"

People built a dam between the two rivers

When passing the weir, the boats are pulled by people or animals.

Or transfer by land to the ship ahead

(The principle of "crossing the weir" is shown in the figure. If the ship crosses the dam in this way, it will be damaged. Tung oil and lime are needed to fill the damaged parts of the hull. Map by @漫頭/星球研究院)

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also

To reduce the siltation of the Yellow River

People also built the Hongze Lake embankment to store water.

Then let the lake water flow into the narrower river channel

This way, the water flow can be used to carry away the sediment.

It is for " Shushui flushing sand "

(Schematic diagram of the principle of "water beam flushing sand", drawn by @漫頭/Planetary Research Institute)

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The accumulated lake water continues to expand

It also created China's fourth largest freshwater lake.

That is, the formation of Hongze Lake, which is more than 2,000 square kilometers

(The rising water level increases the risk of the levee being destroyed; the picture below shows the vast Hongze Lake, photographer @李琼)

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Water source, terrain, river crossing

These are the three major problems in building a canal.

But in fact, people have overcome many more problems than this.

It also includes the construction of various dams

Construction of "Jianhe" to divert flood waters, etc.

With this series of projects

The Grand Canal finally came on stage

(Please watch in horizontal mode, a partial view of the Ming Dynasty's "Overview of River Defenses", image source: National Museum of China official website)

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This stage

Will be along the line and throughout the empire

Bringing unprecedented radiation power

Far beyond the original purpose of building the canal to supply the capital

03

radiation

Ming and Qing Dynasties

From the beginning of spring every year

Millions of dan of grain and hundreds of thousands of bolts of silk

Countless timber, bricks and stones flowed north along the

Create the supreme Beijing city

(Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal Tonghui River Section, Beijing, photographer @Yu Ming)

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But in addition to the needs of the royal family and the court

The obvious or hidden "earth"

It also began to be transported through the canal

(“Tuyi” refers to local specialties. Changes in the quota of “Tuyi” in some years of history. Map by @漫頭/星球研究院)

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North-South products are no longer limited to local areas

Instead, it flows into the canal-based

A trade network covering nearly half of China

Merchants and craftsmen from all over the world

The appearance of the towns and people's lives along the way

They were swept into the long river

(The Yangzhou Mangdao River, which connects the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, is also busy. Photographer: @潘锐之)

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Tianjin

As a water transport hub for sea and river transport

From a military outpost to a commercial town with a population of hundreds of thousands

(Please watch in horizontal mode, Tianjin’s earliest water and land dock “Sanchahekou”, picture source @Visual China)

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Linqing, Shandong

The intersection of the Wei River and the Grand Canal

It has become a commercial city comparable to Suzhou and Hangzhou.

(The narrow highland "Aotouji" surrounded by two canals was the landmark of Linqing at that time. Photographer @张政)

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Jining, Shandong, located on the "Canal Water Ridge"

The birth of the "First Bank of the Canal"

Huji Money House

(The canal scenery of Nanyang Ancient Town where Huji Money House is located, picture source: Visual China)

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Liaocheng, Shandong

Merchants built

One of the most representative guild halls in the country

"Shanxi Guild Hall"

(The guild hall is equivalent to today’s entrepreneur club, photographer @戚伟民)

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Yangzhou, Jiangsu, where the Grand Canal and the Yangtze River meet

Countless commercial shops

Endless scenery of Guangling

It has been glorious for thousands of years

Yangzhou Salt Merchants

It controls nearly 1/3 of the country’s salt production.

The salt merchant tax was equivalent to 1/4 of the national treasury revenue.

Explains the meaning of being rich enough to rival a country

(Wang Lumen House, the largest salt merchant residence in Yangzhou, has a construction area of ​​more than 1,700 square meters. The picture below is the residence of Yangzhou salt merchant Lu Shaoxu. Image source: @陈金庭&Visual China)

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With the help of the East Zhejiang Canal

Zhejiang Ningbo Haihe Intermodal Transport

As early as the Tang and Song dynasties, it was an important foreign trade center.

(Overlooking the Old Bund in Ningbo, photographer @傅鼎)

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Canal Cities

From silence to rise, from closed to open

It became the most densely populated and commercially prosperous region during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

“ First-tier city clusters ”

(The prosperous scene of the Hangzhou section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. The pictures below are the canals in Jiaxing, Huai'an and Wuxi. Photographers: @肖奕三&邱道岑&贺敬华&钱萍)

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Strong business activities

Impacting people's concept of emphasizing agriculture

Handicraft industry flourishes

(Yangzhou jade carving was one of the most powerful regions in jade carving at that time. The picture below shows Wuxi Huishan clay figurines and Linqing tribute bricks. The picture is from @Visual China & Yang Hu & Visual China)

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"Silk Towns" are all over Jiangnan

The sound of looms continued all night long

(“Hu Silk” was a tribute during the Ming and Qing Dynasties; the picture below is the ancient town of Nanxun in Huzhou, photographer @潘锐之)

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Ming and Qing Dynasties

Eight major banknote offices in China

The Grand Canal covers seven of them

At its highest, taxes accounted for 90% of the total

It is a world-renowned

"River of Wealth"

at the same time

The Grand Canal is also well-deserved

“River of Culture”

It makes the integration between the north and the south closer.

Towns in the north

With the tenderness of the waves and bridge shadows

(Snow falls in the ancient city of Taierzhuang, Zaozhuang, Shandong, photographer @李琼)

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Southern cuisine

Due to the expansion of wheat growing areas

There is a unique noodle-eating custom

(Delicious Zhenjiang pot-covered noodles and other delicacies along the canal, Peking duck, Yangzhou fried rice, West Lake water shield fish balls, Beijing-Tianjin fried crunchy boxes, Manchu-Han banquet, pictures from @图虫创意&周伯典)

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Rich secular life

Promote the prosperity of literature

Market and romance novels in the Ming and Qing dynasties

Hundreds of books about canal towns

(Please watch in horizontal mode, Liaocheng Dongchang Ancient City, which was used as the story background in Ming and Qing novels "The Travels of Lao Can" and "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio", map by @漫頭/星球研究院, picture source @视觉中国)

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Touring River Troupe

Fusion of elements from all over the world

Various plays are popular all over the country

(Peking opera performance in Huai'an, Jiangsu, picture source: Visual China)

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Emperors, nobles, scholars, foreign envoys

Traveling through the canal

Italian traveler Marco Polo

Described in detail in the travel notes

The Magnificence of the Grand Canal in the Yuan Dynasty

(In the 13th century AD, Marco Polo came to Hangzhou and called it "the most beautiful and elegant city in the world". The picture below is the West Lake in Hangzhou, photographer @朱露翔)

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The King of Sulu who traveled across the ocean

A delegation of more than 340 people

Go north and south via the canal

(The Sulu Kingdom is in the Philippines today, and the King of Sulu was buried in Dezhou, Shandong; the picture below is the tomb of the King of Sulu, source: @Visual China)

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Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty

Go south through the canal

Leaving behind a household legend

(Kangxi visited the south of the Yangtze River six times to inspect water conservancy projects; the picture below is the Tianning Temple Palace in Yangzhou, which was built specifically for the emperor to stay in. Photographer: @潘锐之&李琼)

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But success and failure are both due to Xiao He

Behind the endless prosperity of the Grand Canal

The seeds of decline have been deeply buried

04

Rise and Fall

The Canal Transport System that Lasted for Thousands of Years

On the one hand, it represents

The Power of Centralization in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties

On the other hand, it also represents

The rigidity of the feudal empire

In fact

The Yuan Dynasty was the first to build the Grand Canal

Most of the time, shipping is the main

Transporting grain to North China

(Tianjin was an important shipping hub at the time; the picture below shows the Tianjin Port today, photographer @Guangfei)

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Considerations include

Since the Tang and Song Dynasties

China's maritime transport technology has made great progress

Sea transportation has reliable guarantee

However, the Grand Canal faces the uncertainty of sometimes being open and sometimes blocked.

Since the Grand Canal was born

Nature never gives up on taking back its territory

Water shortage, siltation, overflow, flood, diversion

Accidents always happen from time to time

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the densely packed boats on the Huai'an Canal today, photographer @贺敬华)

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This also means

When thousands of canal boats

When crowded in the river

Any delay will cause a chain reaction.

(The Netherlands, travel journal of Peter von Holm)

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"When one man shouts loudly, all oars stop; when one boat is hit, several boats are destroyed."

at the same time

Maintaining the operation of the Grand Canal

It also costs a lot

The lock looks like an ingenious design

Under the limitations of ancient technology

Very cumbersome to use

To save water

More ships must be gathered before it can be activated

Limited traffic efficiency

(Shaobo Ship Lock on the Yangzhou section of the canal, photographer @潘锐之)

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The water system around the canal was originally used for farmland irrigation.

Often give priority to canal water supply

To ensure the smooth flow of the canal

When the canal is flooded

The farmland next to it is the first flood discharge area to bear the brunt.

Continuously accumulated due to canal maintenance

The water level of Hongze Lake is rising

It also seriously threatens the safety of surrounding cities.

(The Ming Dynasty Mausoleum, located on the shore of Hongze Lake, was submerged in the lake for more than 300 years; the picture below is the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal after the snow, photographer @吴亦丹)

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Other high costs

It comes from a huge operation and maintenance army

Taking the Ming Dynasty as an example

There is a dredger every few thousand meters.

It is for " Shallow Man "

Each sluice gate

Dozens of people are needed to raise and lower the sluice gate

It is for " gatekeeper "

Passing the dam

Human assistance is still needed

Sometimes a ship employs hundreds of people.

It is for the " trackers "

Water-scarce Shandong section

Tens of thousands of civilians will be recruited to develop water resources.

It is for " Quanfu "

And more than 100,000 people

Directly responsible for transportation

" Yun Ding "

(Grand Canal Suzhou Wujiang Ancient Canoe Trail, photographer @江南君z)

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On top of these laborers and transporters

It is a huge bureaucratic system

There are hundreds of thousands of people

(The Governor of the Grain Transport was the highest-ranking official in charge of grain transport affairs; the picture below shows the remains of the Governor's Grain Transport Office, photographer @潘锐之)

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Outside the canal system

There are also various supporting institutions

Including post stations, shipyards, etc.

As well as personnel managed by the Ministry of Revenue, the Ministry of Works, and the Ministry of War

(Please watch in horizontal mode. Gaoyou "Yucheng Posthouse" along the Grand Canal is currently the largest and best-preserved ancient posthouse in the country. Photographer: Li Qiong)

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Ming and Qing Dynasties

There are constant proposals to switch from river transport to sea transport

But most of the time it is not implemented

on the one hand

The rulers tend to use a strict maritime ban policy

Suppress any instability that the open ocean may bring

on the other hand

The most representative opposition came from the canal transport officials.

They believe that the Grand Canal

(Qing Dynasty, Ding Xian's "A Preliminary Suggestion on Restoring River Transport")

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" There are millions of people who rely on this for food and clothing ."

But the interests of millions of canal workers

To a large extent, it is just a rhetoric of the crown

These officials actually represent a huge

Canal Transportation Interest Group

(Life of ordinary people along the Grand Canal in 1900, image source: Visual China)

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Collecting money and grain from the people

From operation and transportation to river management

Exploitation and extortion under various pretexts

There is labor pay for transporting grain

There is a rice inspection fee for checking the grain

Layers of blackmail are common

(Qing Dynasty, Huang Weimeng's "On Stopping the Canal")

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"They are a gathering of countless thieves and corrupt officials, wasting countless money on the country."

but

Who can stop the great changes of the times?

On the other side of Eurasia

The West experienced the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution

Coming from the sea

The most powerful empire ever

Now he is like a giant with many diseases

Deep-rooted rigidity and decay

Unable to repair itself

Just smash it

(The solemn Forbidden City is also a microcosm of the Qing Empire, photographer @马文晓)

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1851 AD

The Taiping Rebellion breaks out

Fierce battle along the canal

Caused serious damage

(After the war, Yangzhou no longer has the splendor of the past, but it retains the tenderness of the past. Photographer @方叹足)

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1855 AD

The Yellow River bursts at Tongwaxiang, Henan

Cut the canal in half in Zhangqiu, Shandong

The Qing court gave up the restoration in the midst of turmoil

1876 ​​AD

Wusong Railway officially opened to traffic

Sounded the clarion call for China's railway era

(Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and Ningbo-Hangzhou High-speed Railway in the same frame, photographer @陈剑峰)

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1901 AD

The Qing government announced the suspension of grain transport

The last page of the thousand-year history of water transport has been closed

Along the canal

All industries are declining and the population is plummeting

The ultimate prosperity brings about the “extreme” fall

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the gorgeous sunset on the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, photographer @陈跃红)

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The Grand Canal was thrown into the

A corner of history

Many river sections are littered with garbage and smell bad

Even the staff who applied for it

Have raised questions

(Speech at the symposium commemorating 20 years of China's protection of world heritage in 2005)

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"Do we have enough confidence in the Grand Canal, which has been flowing for more than 2,000 years and once made great contributions to China, but is now in ruins and some sections have even disappeared? For this reason, we would like to start a discussion and ask: 'Why should the Grand Canal be declared a World Heritage Site?'"

actually

No matter how many sails it has

Still flowing peacefully

Or forgotten by the public

Can't be erased

Its profound impact on China

In the new century

We re-examine its value

Conduct comprehensive governance

(The silt is being cleared in the Tangqi section of the Grand Canal in Hangzhou, photographer @潘劲草)

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Building an advanced hub

(Huai'an Water Conservancy Project is the largest water interchange project in Asia, photographer @潘锐之)

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Give a new mission

(Please watch in horizontal mode. The South-to-North Water Diversion Project borrowed part of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal; the picture below is the Yangzhou Jiangdu Water Conservancy Project, photographer @杨诚)

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Create a wetland-rich

Canal Ecological Corridor

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the lush green scenery around the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, photographer @应威)

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Six canal museums are specially set up

Remember the past and present life

(Yangzhou Canal Museum, China Canal Transport Museum, Sui and Tang Grand Canal Museum, image source @潘锐之&Visual China&唐振明)

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Replenishment through water diversion

The Grand Canal has been fully reopened

Although its political and economic functions have been greatly weakened

But because of this

It has gotten rid of its utilitarian appearance.

Let those thoughts, emotions, memories, etc. be beautiful inside

Gained the possibility of performance

(Pedestrians on the Guangji Bridge on the Hangzhou Grand Canal, the Guo Shoujing statue on the Shichahai Lake in Beijing today, photographer @杨照夫&君作刀)

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Today

Just go and see

Teahouses and opera stages by the canal

Leisurely pedestrians on the bridge

And flowers blooming in the distance

Then you know

Its strength and its fragility

Its prosperity and its decline

The time it has passed

And the time it is about to pass

All have calmly

Lives in the souls of people on both sides of the strait

(Please watch in horizontal mode. Residents of the ancient canal in Pingwang Town, Wujiang District, Suzhou, are enjoying the cool breeze at the bridgehead by the river. Photographer: Xu Jianghua)

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This article was created by

Written by: Zhou Yunding, Geng Huajun

Image: Daytime sleep

Design: Mantou

Map: Wu Xintian

Reviewers: Wang Kun, Xia Ya, Chen Jingyi, Ding Jiaxin

Head Photographer: Ding Jiayi

Cover Photographers: Wang Ziying, Zhu Jiandong

Expert review

Director of the Institute of Water Resources History, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research

Lu Juan

【References】

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[2] Cai Fan. Water Conservancy Project of the Grand Canal[M]. Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2014.10.

[3] Li Wenzhi and Jiang Taixin. Grain Transport in the Qing Dynasty[M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1995.11.

[4] Yuan Fei. Struggling in Dilemma: A Study on the Politics and Canal Transport Governance during the Jiaqing Period[M]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 2019.

[5] Huang Renyu, Translated by Zhang Hao and Zhang Sheng. Grain Transport in the Ming Dynasty[M]. Beijing: Jiuzhou Publishing House. Published: January 2016

[6] Zou Yilin. The Grand Canal of China: A Place for Ships to Travel Between the North and the South[M]. Nanjing: Jiangsu Science and Technology Press, October 2018.

[7] Jin Shican. Research on River Officials and River Administration in the Qing Dynasty[M]. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 2016.06.

[8] Feng Chao. Water transport, water conservancy and local finance[D]. Qinghai Normal University, 2013.