"Half lake, half fire", here hides the most beautiful winter in China

Jingpo Lake is the largest volcanic barrier lake in China and the largest in the world! Jingpo Lake is located in the southwest of Ning'an City, Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province, China. It is about 50 kilometers away from Ning'an City in a straight line. It is located on the main stream of Mudanjiang River, a tributary of Songhua River. It is a national key scenic spot (AAAAA-level tourist attraction) and was rated as a World Geopark by UNESCO in 2006.

Jingbo Lake was called Huhanhai in the Tang Dynasty, Puyushui in the Liao Dynasty, Bilten Lake in the Jin Dynasty, Jingbo Lake in the Ming Dynasty, Bilten Lake in the Qing Dynasty, and Jingbo Lake today. Jingbo Lake was formed due to strong crustal movement and multiple volcanic activities in the region, and the lava flow from the volcanic eruption blocked the main stream of Mudanjiang River. It was formed about 10,000 years ago, belonging to the late Pleistocene. Jingbo Lake is about 351 meters above sea level, with a total length of about 45 kilometers from north to south, about 6 kilometers at its widest point, about 400 meters at its narrowest point, and a total area of ​​about 95 square kilometers. Looking down at the entire lake, it looks like an inverted "F" shape. The maximum water depth of the lake is about 60 meters, and the water storage capacity is about 1.625 billion cubic meters. Jingpo Lake has beautiful scenery all year round. In spring, the ice and snow melt and the mountain flowers bloom. In summer, the lake water is blue and clear like a mirror, and the climate is cool and pleasant. In autumn, the forests are dyed with colors, and the lake and mountains are intoxicating. In winter, the ice waterfall and rime are picturesque and crystal clear. At the exit of the lake, you can see steep cliffs composed of a large number of columnar basalts. The lake water rushes down from a high place, forming a waterfall with a width of about 30 meters and a drop of about 20 meters. It is called "Diaoshuilou" by the locals and is one of the famous attractions in Jingpo Lake Scenic Area. Rather than saying that the Longgang active volcano group in Jilin Province in winter is covered with snow, the lakeside, trees, pavilions, and granite cliffs complement each other, like a fairy tale world of ice and snow, then the Jingpo Lake active volcano group is covered in silver, and the icicles, lake water, rime, and basalt columns are cleverly combined, like a dreamy ice and snow kingdom!

Jingpo Lake volcanic area in summer, autumn and winter (all pictures are from the Internet)

Longgang volcanic area in Jilin Province in winter (all pictures are original)

Did you know? There are more than 16 volcanoes distributed around Jingpo Lake, including Volcano Forest No. 1, Volcano Forest No. 2, Volcano Forest No. 3, Volcano Forest No. 4, Maze No. 9, Maze No. 10, Hamatang No. 11, Hamatang No. 12, Laojiaokeng, Daganpao No. 5, Daganpao No. 5-1, Xixiaoshan, Dongxiaoshan and Xingshan. The volcanic group they form is called Jingpo Lake Volcanic Group.

These volcanoes are generally distributed in the northern area of ​​Jingpo Lake. The volcanic landforms mainly include volcanic cones, craters, volcanic barrier lakes, lava tunnels and lava terraces. The main types of volcanic eruptions are fissure eruptions and central eruptions.

The Jingbo Lake volcanic group is an important part of the Mishan-Dunhua-Fushun Cenozoic volcanic belt, and is also the latest volcanic group to erupt in the volcanic belt. The volcanoes around Jingbo Lake are all located on the west side of the Dunhua-Mishan deep fault zone (the fault zone is one of the northern extension branches of the Tanlu deep fault in my country). The latest activity of this section of the fault is the late Middle Pleistocene. The Jingbo Lake volcanic group was active from the Paleocene to the Holocene, and the Quaternary activity can be divided into three periods: the Middle Pleistocene, the Late Pleistocene, and the Holocene. The tectonic environment of the volcanic area has undergone a transition from subduction to continental rift tectonic environment. The 14C isotope dating results of carbonized wood in volcanic slag show that the most recent volcanic eruption was about 3950 years ago.

The volcanic rocks in the volcanic area are mainly basalt, basaltic lava, alkali basalt, basalt, phonolite and pyroclastic rock. Most of the volcanic geological landscapes in the volcanic area, such as Jingbo Lake, Diaoshuilou Waterfall, Dongtianyipin, Crater Forest and Lava Tunnel, were formed by the Holocene volcanic eruption.

Spatial distribution of some volcanoes in the Jingbohu volcanic group in Heilongjiang Province (from Jilin-1 Earth Observation Image)

The volcanoes that have erupted since the Holocene in the Jingbo Lake Volcanic Group include Volcano Forest No. 1, Volcano Forest No. 2, Volcano Forest No. 3, Volcano Forest No. 4, Mihunzhen No. 9, Mihunzhen No. 10, Hamatang No. 11, Hamatang No. 12, Daganpao No. 5, Daganpao No. 5-1, Wudaogou No. 6, Wudaogou No. 7 and Wudaogou No. 8. They are concentrated in the four areas of Crater Forest, Hamatang, Daganpao and Wudaogou, and are often referred to by scientists as the four main eruption centers and 13 craters of the Jingbo Lake Volcanic Group. These Holocene volcanoes are monogenic volcanoes dominated by fissure eruptions. Compared with the monogenic large active volcano Etna in Catania, Italy, the "Roof of Europe", the monogenic large active volcano Stromboli in Italy, the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean", and the majestic multigenic large active volcano Tianchi in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province, the Holocene volcano group in the Jingbo Lake Volcanic Group shows the unique elegance, tranquility and vastness of the East.

The underground forest of Volcano No. 1 (upper left), Volcano No. 3 (upper middle) and Volcano No. 4 (upper right) in Jingpo Lake Volcanic Area, Heilongjiang Province (all pictures are from the Internet), the large active volcano Etna in Italy (lower left, picture from Italian Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology), the large active volcano Stromboli in Italy (lower middle, original picture) and the large active volcano Tianchi in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province (lower right, original picture)

Crater Forest Volcano No. 1, Volcano No. 2, Volcano No. 3 and Volcano No. 4 are arranged in a north-northeast direction. They are also the main centers of the Holocene volcanic eruption of the Jingbo Lake Volcanic Group. They are also the largest, highest-altitude and most lava-spillion volcanic groups in the Jingbo Volcanic Group. Because the crater is full of dense forests, it is called the "underground forest" and is also called the "crater forest" locally. The eruption products of the volcanic group are mainly basalt, basaltic lava and pyroclastic rocks. Among them, Crater No. 1 is the largest of the four craters. It is located at the northern end of the volcanic group. The crater is nearly circular, with a diameter of 400-500 meters and a depth of about 132 meters. The Holocene basaltic lava in the Jingbo Lake volcanic area mainly comes from the eruption of Volcano No. 1. Craters No. 2 and No. 3 are smaller in scale, with a crater depth of more than 100 meters. The cones are mainly composed of volcanic slag, volcanic bombs and basaltic lava. The No. 2 crater is the smallest, with a diameter of about 70 meters and a cylindrical shape. The inner wall of the crater is nearly vertical, and there is no lava flow outlet. The No. 3 crater has a diameter of 250-300 meters, an irregular ellipse, and a steep inner wall of the crater, and there is no lava flow outlet. There is a lava tunnel between the west wall of the No. 3 crater and the No. 4 crater. The lava tunnel is 5-10 meters wide, 2.5-6 meters high, and about 20 meters long. It extends in a northeast direction, high in the east and low in the west, with a slope of about 30°. Both the No. 1 and No. 4 craters have lava flow outlets, which are 5-7 meters wide and 4-5 meters deep. The carbonized wood 14C isotope age of the No. 1 and No. 4 craters shows that their latest eruptions were about 5430 and 5190 years ago, respectively.

The Daganpao volcanic group is located on the south side of the Daganpao valley, about 2 km south of the No. 4 crater of the volcanic forest. There are currently two volcanoes in the volcanic group, namely Daganpao No. 5 and No. 5-1. Among them, No. 5 volcano has an altitude of 710-720 meters, a nearly circular crater with a diameter of about 250 meters, a depth of 5-30 meters, and a lava flow outlet. The volcanic cone is mainly composed of volcanic ash, volcanic bombs, basaltic lava and pyroclastic rocks. The volcanic eruption contains a large number of granite breccias, the largest of which has a diameter of 1-2.5 meters. The No. 5-1 crater is located about 700 meters northeast of the No. 5 crater, with an altitude of about 730 meters. The crater is nearly circular, with a diameter of about 30 meters, a depth of 4-18 meters, and no lava flow outlet. There are four parasitic craters on the east and northeast sides of the No. 5 volcanic cone, with a diameter of 5-30 meters and a depth of 2-4 meters. The 14C isotope age of carbonized wood from Volcano No. 5 shows that the volcano's latest eruption occurred about 3590 years ago.

The Wudaogou volcanic group consists of volcanoes 6, 7 and 8, about 2.5 kilometers away from the Daganpao crater 5. The volcanic group is distributed in a north-south direction along the east side of the Wudaogou River Valley, and the three volcanoes share a common volcanic base.

There are two parasitic craters with a diameter of 10-15 meters in the northern part of the volcanic group. The volcanic group is about 820-880 meters above sea level. The volcanic eruptions mainly include scoria, volcanic bombs, basaltic lava and volcanic eruption fallout. The long axis of the No. 6 crater is about 480 meters long, the short axis is about 230 meters long, and the depth is about 131 meters. The No. 7 crater is located on the south side of the No. 6 crater. The long axis of the crater is about 220 meters long, the short axis is about 130 meters long, and the depth is about 127 meters. The No. 8 crater has a long axis of about 330 meters long, a short axis of about 200 meters long, and a depth of about 96 meters.

The Maze Volcano Group consists of volcanoes 9 and 10. The crater of volcano 9 is circular, about 1,020 meters above sea level, with a diameter of 60–80 meters and a depth of 5–8 meters. There is no lava flow outlet. The eruption materials of the volcano group mainly include volcanic bombs, basaltic lava and volcanic eruption fallout. Volcano 10 is 940–960 meters above sea level. The crater is elliptical, with a long axis length of about 200 meters and a short axis length of about 170 meters. The inner wall of the crater is steep, and there is a lava flow outlet in the northwest.

The Hamatang volcanic group consists of volcanoes No. 11 and No. 12, whose volcanic cones are mainly composed of volcanic bombs, basaltic lava and volcanic eruption fallout. Among them, the crater of volcano No. 11 is nearly circular, with a diameter of about 500 meters and a depth of about 85 meters. The crater of volcano No. 10 is cylindrical, with a steep inner wall, a diameter of about 80 meters and a depth of about 35 meters. The carbonized wood 14C isotope age of volcano No. 12 shows that the latest eruption of the volcano was about 4660 years ago.

The main body of the Jingbo Lake volcanic group is controlled by the northeast-trending basement faults and secondary faults. GPS deformation data from 2013 to 2015 show that the volcanic area basically presents changes in tension in the northwest-southeast direction and compression in the northeast-southwest direction. There are still magma chambers in the shallow crust and middle crust of 3-15 kilometers at the bottom of the volcanic group distribution area. There are rich geothermal resources in the volcanic area, which belongs to a relatively high geothermal anomaly area. Until now, there are still volcanic vents in the volcanic group that are spewing cold air. At present, many springs (such as Xiangquan) and volcanic lakes (such as Heilongtan) have been found in the volcanic area. The deeper the Heilongtan is, the higher the water temperature is, because there are hot springs at the bottom of the pool that continuously gush out spring water. The hot spring water in the geothermal wells in the volcanic area also continuously releases volcanic gases such as H2O, CO2, Rn, and H2S. The existing earthquake monitoring data of the Jingbo Lake volcanic area show that the earthquakes in the volcanic area are mainly micro-earthquakes, and occasionally there are felt earthquakes. From 1975 to 2021, there were more than 216 recorded earthquakes in the volcanic area. These earthquakes were mainly tectonic earthquakes and long-period volcanic earthquakes. The largest earthquake was a magnitude 3.3 earthquake that occurred on January 7, 1995 (data from the Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Provincial Seismological Bureau, Heilongjiang Provincial Seismological Bureau and China Earthquake Networks Center). The above evidence shows that the Jingpo Lake volcanic group is still active today.

If the huge amount of basaltic lava, basalt, pyroclastic rock and volcanic eruption fallout formed by the eruption of Tianchi large active volcano in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province exudes calmness and grandeur, then the huge amount of basaltic lava and basalt formed by the eruption of Jingpo Lake large active volcano group is full of the magical charm of nature, and the scenery formed is like a fairyland on earth!

Basaltic lava in the Jingbo Lake volcanic area in autumn and summer (upper left and upper right pictures, pictures from the Internet), basalt in the Jingbo Lake volcanic area in winter (lower left picture, original picture) and scoria cone in the Tianchi volcanic area of ​​Changbai Mountain in summer (lower right picture, original picture)

Jingbo Lake Scenic Area (abbreviated as Jingbo Lake Scenic Area) consists of three parts: Baili Changhu Scenic Area, Crater Primeval Forest Scenic Area and Bohai State Shangjing Longquanfu Ruins Scenic Area. Among them, the Bohai State Shangjing Longquanfu Ruins was once called "Huhan City" in history. It is the ruins of the ancient city of Shangjing Longquanfu, the Bohai Governor's Office in the Tang Dynasty of China. The site is rectangular in plan and consists of three parts: the outer city, the inner city and the palace city. Bohai has passed down 15 generations of kings. The first and second generations were named "Bohai County King" in the Tang Dynasty. From the third generation onwards, the Tang Dynasty promoted them to "Bohai King", and the Bohai regime was officially named "Bohai State". Shangjing Longquanfu is the most important capital of the Bohai State and the longest-serving capital of Bohai. It witnessed the historical process of the integration of the Sushen ethnic group and the Mohe ethnic group into the Chinese nation, and is a historical witness of the diversity and unity of the Chinese nation. The stone lighthouse in the courtyard of Xinglong Temple (locally known as Nan Damiao) located in the southwest of the Bohai State Shangjing Longquanfu Ruins is the only complete large stone sculpture preserved from the Bohai period of the Tang Dynasty. The original height of the stone lighthouse was 6.4 meters, and it is now 6 meters high. It is made of carved basalt and can be divided into the pagoda top, pagoda wheel, pagoda cover, pagoda room, lotus support, central pillar stone, lotus stem and base. The whole tower is delicately carved and is a rare historical and cultural treasure.

A bird's-eye view of the ruins of Shangjing Longquanfu, Bohai State, Heilongjiang Province (left) and the Xinglong Temple Stone Lighthouse (also known as the Stone Lighthouse or Stone Pagoda) (middle and right) (both pictures are from the Internet)

The area where Jingpo Lake Scenic Area is located has a temperate continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons. It is windy and dry in spring, rainy and cool in summer, sunny and cool in autumn, and dry and cold in winter. In the cold winter season in Northeast China, winter fishing and ice fishing are undoubtedly challenging and fun activities, and are often called one of the "little joys" of Northeast people in winter. The number of fish community species in Jingpo Lake is as high as 63, mainly Cypriniformes Cyprinidae fish, followed by Cobitidae fish, which is similar to the characteristics of inland fish composition in my country. Among them, the number of cold-water fish species is 14, and the number of endemic fish species is 4. There are many options for ice fishing and winter fishing in northern my country, such as Jingpo Lake in Heilongjiang Province, Chagan Lake in Jilin Province, Darinor Lake in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Wolong Lake in Liaoning Province. In winter, the surface of Jingpo Lake is covered with thick ice and snow, accompanied by icicles and rime. In the process of ice fishing and winter fishing, you can not only enjoy the fun of ice fishing and winter fishing, but also enjoy the beautiful ice scenery of Jingpo Lake!

Underwater freshwater fish schools in Jingpo Lake, Heilongjiang Province (top left) and winter fishing (top left second and top right first), winter fishing in Chagan Lake, Jilin Province (bottom left first) and winter fishing (bottom left second), and winter fishing in Darinor Lake, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (bottom right second and bottom right first) (all pictures from the Internet)

Supplementary Science

Ice fishing and winter fishing in winter are highly entertaining and fun, and are very popular among the public. However, there are also a series of safety hazards. If you go outdoors for ice fishing and winter fishing, please be sure to check the following safety tips.

1. Winter ice fishing and winter fishing should comply with local safety regulations and requirements, and you should be familiar with the common sense of self-rescue when falling into the water in advance. Do not fish or winter fishing in unauthorized areas, and do not engage in activities on or near the ice to avoid falling into the water.

2. When ice fishing and winter fishing, you need to pay close attention to the weather forecast and on-site weather conditions. It is not advisable to travel in bad weather such as strong winds, heavy snow, sleet, etc., especially to remote places, as bad weather conditions will increase safety risks.

3. The thickness of the ice surface is the key to ensure the safety of ice fishing and winter fishing. When you are on the ice, you should be familiar with and understand the ice thickness, hardness and bearing capacity of the venue, and avoid blindly using experience to make judgments. In addition, before ice fishing and winter fishing, you should scientifically test the strength of the ice surface to ensure that the ice surface can bear the weight of the human body. Ice chiseling tools have sharp tips and barbs, so you should take protective measures when using and carrying such tools.

Researchers from the Jilin Provincial Seismological Bureau conducted scientific exploration of the bearing capacity of the ice surface (all pictures are original)

4. Winter temperatures are extremely low, so cold-proof and warm-keeping measures are essential. You can bring a winter fishing tent and simple heating equipment, and wear warm clothing, such as thick-soled non-slip boots, thick cotton socks, etc., and pay attention to keeping your hands, feet and legs warm. It is recommended to wear light and warm outdoor clothing to facilitate outdoor ice fishing and winter fishing activities.

5. The ice surface is slippery and easy to slip, so pay attention to anti-skid and anti-fall. At the same time, choose safe fishing spots and fishing points, and avoid fishing at water inlets and outlets, where the ice is thin and it is easy to fall into the water.

6. It is recommended to go ice fishing and winter fishing with friends so that you can help each other in time in case of emergency. Do not drink alcohol when ice fishing and winter fishing, wear life jackets, carry safety ropes and other emergency equipment to prevent accidental falling into the water.

7. Be careful to clean your hands when touching the bait. Not all fish caught outdoors are edible. If you find fish that are not edible, you should discard them. If it is a protected species, you should release it without hesitation and don't regret it.

8. Control the fishing time and frequency to avoid excessive fatigue. Standing or sitting for a long time will make certain parts of the body tired, so do some auxiliary relaxation activities appropriately. If you are sick or unwell, you should decisively give up outdoor ice fishing and winter fishing activities.

9. Do not litter when ice fishing or winter fishing outdoors, protect the environment, and avoid polluting the natural environment.

10. If you fall into the water unexpectedly, stay calm, hold the ice with your hands, paddle your legs to swim onto the ice, and then crawl through the dangerous area. Call for help loudly so that people around you can hear your distress signal. If there are supports around you when you fall into the ice hole, such as trees, boats, etc., you can try to get close to these supports to reduce the contact area between your body and the ice surface. It is very important to keep your body warm in the icy water, and try to minimize the exposed parts of your body, such as your head and arms. If you have warm items such as clothes or blankets around you, try to wrap your body. In short, pay attention to the safety related to outdoor ice fishing and fishing in winter to enjoy the fun of this activity!

This issue of science popularization ends! Friends, see you next time!

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Author of this issue: Xu Zhitao, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Changbai Mountain Volcano National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau, PhD

Li Mengmeng, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Changbai Mountain Volcano National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Engineer

Sun Liying, Assistant Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Ye Xiqing, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Changbai Mountain Volcano National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Engineer

Ventura G Senior Researcher, Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy

Salvotore G. Senior Researcher at the Etna Observatory in Catania, Italy

Ren Fangyu, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau, Assistant Engineer

Pan Bo Jilin Changbai Mountain Volcano National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Volcanoes, China Earthquake Administration Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration Researcher/PhD

Eugenio N. Associate Professor, School of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy

Li Zhongwei, Deputy Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Disaster Risk Prevention and Control Center, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Ma Baojun, Deputy Senior Engineer, Heilongjiang Seismological Bureau, Mudanjiang Earthquake Monitoring Center

Xu Yueren, Researcher at the Institute of Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration

Stefano C. Senior Researcher, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Ma Xiaoxi, PhD, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Doctor of Jilin Seismological Station and Jilin Provincial Seismological Bureau

Zhang Yu, Deputy Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Xu Chuan Postdoctoral fellow, School of Geophysics, Chengdu University of Technology

Huang Liangliang Senior Engineer, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Sun Yutao, Associate Researcher, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hebei University of Geosciences

Song Yujia, Engineer, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Changbai Mountain Volcano National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station

Gu Guohui, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Changbai Mountain Volcano National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Engineer

Guan Sheng, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Changbai Mountain Volcano National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Engineer

Sveva·R·M PhD, University of Florence, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Alessandro S. Assistant Researcher, Vesuvius Observatory, University of Florence, Naples, Italy

Carolina B. Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy. PhD, University of Cambridge, UK

Pang Jingyuan, Deputy Senior Engineer, Information Center, Jilin Province Seismological Bureau

Liu Bingbing, Deputy Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Cai Honglei, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau, Deputy Senior Engineer

Ma Fei, Engineer of Jilin Province Earthquake Disaster Risk Prevention and Control Center, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Yan Donghan, Engineer, Jilin Province Earthquake Disaster Risk Prevention and Control Center, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration

Emilio C Senior Engineer, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy
Francesco R. PhD, University of Naples Federico II, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Alessandro S. Senior Researcher, Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy

Wei Lianhuan Associate Professor, School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University

Ao Meng, PhD, School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University

Cao Rongji, Assistant Engineer, Jilin Province Seismological Bureau

Zhang Yong, Researcher at the Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

Zhao Chuntao, Assistant Researcher, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Simona G Associate Researcher, Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy

Zhang Xiaotian Associate Professor, East China University of Technology

Yan Qinghe, Associate Professor, School of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University

Hou Jie, PhD, First Monitoring Center, China Earthquake Administration

Zhang Peng, Engineer of Jilin Province Seismological Bureau, Songyuan Earthquake Monitoring Center Station, Jilin Province

Zhong Guangpei, Engineer of Jilin Province Seismological Bureau, Changbai Mountain Tianchi Volcano Monitoring Station

Arsène T.S. Senior Engineer, Goma Volcano Observatory, Democratic Republic of Congo

Cristiano T Senior Researcher, Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy

Zhang Xin, Deputy Senior Engineer, Guangdong Provincial Seismological Bureau, University of Science and Technology of China

Li Haiyan, PhD, Fujian Natural Disaster Prevention and Control Technology Research Institute, Fujian Seismological Bureau

Jia Baojin, Deputy Senior Engineer, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Bao Baoxiao, Deputy Senior Engineer, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Xi Wenya, Engineer, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Guo Mingrui, Deputy Senior Engineer, Hainan Provincial Seismological Bureau

Jia Wei, Deputy Senior Engineer, Hainan Provincial Seismological Bureau

Wu Nier, Deputy Senior Engineer, Xinjiang Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Yan Wei, Deputy Senior Engineer, Xinjiang Seismological Bureau

Zhang Sen, Postdoctoral Fellow, College of Geological Engineering and Surveying, Chang'an University

Zhang Xinwen, PhD, School of Earth Sciences, Jilin University

Men Lanjing, Associate Senior Engineer, School of Exploration and Surveying Engineering, Changchun Institute of Technology

Nie Xitao, Associate Senior Engineer, School of Surveying and Exploration Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University

Jilong Han, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Postdoctoral Fellow, Development Center, China Geological Survey

Zou Yaoyao, PhD, School of Resources, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)

Chu Xiaolei, PhD, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University

Yu Lu PhD, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Joint Institute

Zhang Kun Postdoctoral fellow, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University

Pablo R.P. Associate Professor, School of Earth Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain

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