Like an alchemy furnace! The Inner Mongolia volcano can "spray" Ulan Hada and "spit" agate!

The Ulan Hada volcanic group is located in Chahar Right Rear Banner, Ulan Qab City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, my country. The distribution area of ​​the volcanic group is about 280 square kilometers, with more than 30 volcanoes. This volcanic group is the only volcanic group discovered on the southern edge of the Mongolian Plateau that has erupted in the Holocene. The eruption activities of the Ulan Hada volcanic group can be divided into two periods, the late Pleistocene and the Holocene. There are more than 17 volcanoes that have erupted in the late Pleistocene, including Heinaobao, Dahongshan, Xiaohongshan, Donghuoshaoshan, Zhonghuoshaoshan and Xihuoshaoshan. There are more than 11 volcanoes that have erupted in the Holocene, including Beiliandanlu, Zhongliandanlu, Nanliandanlu and Jianshan West volcanic group. The eruption of the Ulan Hada volcanic group is controlled by the northeast and northwest basement faults (the latest activity of the northwest-oriented Ulan Hada-Gaowusu fault is the Holocene), so all the volcanoes in the volcanic group are distributed in a beaded manner along the northeast and northwest directions. Judging from the distribution of volcanic lava flows, the order of Holocene volcanic eruptions from early to late is the North Liandanlu Volcano, the Middle Liandanlu Volcano, the South Liandanlu Volcano and the West Jianshan Volcano Group. In September 2023, the Ulan Hada Volcano Geopark was approved as a national AAA-level tourist attraction.

Spatial distribution map of some volcanoes in the Ulan Hada volcanic group in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and digital elevation model map of the volcanic area (from Jilin-1 Earth Observation Image and National Geographic Information Public Service Platform)

The volcanic landforms in the Ulan Hada volcanic area mainly include volcanic cones, craters, volcanic barrier lakes, lava tunnels and lava terraces. The rock types in the volcanic area are mainly basic rocks such as alkali basalt, basalt, basaltic lava and pyroclastic rocks. The minerals visible to the naked eye in the rocks are mainly plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine and magnetite. The volcanic eruption types are fissure and central eruptions. The basic volcanic rocks formed by volcanic eruptions are usually black. During the long geological evolution process, the surface of some rocks will appear red due to the formation of iron-rich oxides. In addition, some volcanoes in the Ulan Hada volcanic group have lost their original appearance due to weathering, erosion and artificial mining and excavation. The incomplete North Alchemy Furnace Volcano and South Alchemy Furnace Volcano look like alchemy furnaces from a distance! "Ulan Hada" is literally translated as "red rock" in Mongolian. "Ulan" means red and red, symbolizing passion, bravery and strength. "Hada" means rock, representing firmness and stability. So, the volcanoes in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region can actually "erupt" Ulan Hada! Compared with the large active volcano Stromboli in Italy, which erupts hot magma all year round, and the large active volcano Tianchi in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province, which seems to be "sleeping" in silver, the Ulan Hada volcano group is like a string of pearls neatly scattered on the vast Inner Mongolia grassland, showing the tranquility and magnificence of grassland volcanoes!

The North Liandanlu volcano in summer (top left, original image), the North Liandanlu volcano in winter (top right, image from the Internet), the West Jianshan volcano group in summer (bottom left, image from the Internet), and the Middle Liandanlu volcano in winter (bottom right, image from the Internet)

Italy's Stromboli large active volcano in summer (left) and Jilin Province's Changbai Mountain Tianchi large active volcano in winter (middle and right) (both original images)

The Huoshaoshan volcanic group is located in the southeast of Wulanhada Township, Chahar Right Wing Houqi. The volcanic group consists of three volcanoes: West Huoshaoshan, Middle Huoshaoshan and East Huoshaoshan. Together with the Hongshan volcanic group (Dahongshan and Xiaohongshan volcanoes), it is collectively called the Huoshaoshan volcanic chain. The overall arrangement is northwest, and the last eruption was in the late Pleistocene. The Huoshaoshan volcanic group has been severely weathered and eroded as a whole. The volcanic cone is mainly composed of pyroclastic rocks and volcanic eruption sediments. The volcanic structure of the Zhonghuoshaoshan volcano is relatively intact in the Huoshaoshan volcanic group. The bottom diameter of the volcanic cone is about 200 meters, the height is about 25 meters, the east slope is steep, and the west slope is gentle. According to the different time sequences of the formation of the volcanic eruption products, the medium-sized fire mountain eruption process can be roughly divided into three stages, namely: the first stage, the inside of the volcanic eruption channel is high temperature, high pressure and high volatile content, and the eruption forms black volcanic ash; the second stage, with the eruption of the volcano, the pressure, temperature and volatile content in the eruption channel are reduced, and the eruption forms pyroclastic rocks; the third stage, in the late stage of volcanic activity, magma flows out from the gap in the northwest corner of the crater in the form of lava flow.

Heinaobao Volcano is also located in the southeast of Wulanhada Township. The volcanic eruption products are mainly basaltic pyroclastic rocks, basaltic lava and volcanic eruption sediments. The volcanic eruption era is about 0.03 million years ago, belonging to the late Pleistocene. The volcano has a high frequency of eruption activities, and at least two major eruptions have occurred. Its eruption products are diverse and repetitive. The early eruption products of the volcano were basaltic scoria, followed by pyroclastic rocks, and finally ended with lava flows flowing out of the gap on the north side of the crater. On the south side of the volcanic cone, you can see the exposed profile excavated due to artificial quarrying, where you can observe various types of volcanic eruption products such as volcanic bombs, scoria, volcanic agglomerates, volcanic lava and basalt. If the basalt of Guabu Volcano in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province carries the rich culture and history of the south of the Yangtze River, and the pumice of Tianchi Volcano in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province shows the wonders of nature, then the unique volcanic landforms and huge amounts of black volcanic eruptions of the Ulan Hada volcanic group will give you a feeling of walking in the "Martian landform" of space and experiencing "alien exploration".

Basaltic pyroclastic rocks (top left, original image), basaltic lava (top left, second image from the Internet) and agate (top right, image from the Internet) of the Ulan Hada volcano in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, as well as basalts of the Guabu volcano in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province (bottom left, original image) and pumice rock of the Tianchi volcano cone in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province (bottom right, original image)

The volcanic structure of Beiliandanlu Volcano is well preserved, with a width of about 700 meters from east to west and about 600 meters from north to south. It is a volcano that has erupted in the Holocene. The crater is about 25 meters deep and the volcanic cone is about 75 meters high. It is mainly composed of volcanic slag and basic lava. The formation of the volcanic cone can be divided into three stages: early, middle and late. The early volcanic eruptions are mainly volcanic slag, volcanic bombs and basic lava. The maximum particle size of volcanic bombs is about 1 meter. The volatile content of the erupted magma during this period is high and the volcanic activity is strong; the volatile content in the magma in the middle stage of the volcanic eruption decreases, the eruption becomes weak, and the formed volcanic bombs and basic lava splash near the crater; the late volcanic eruption overflows from the crater in the form of basaltic lava flow. Overall, volcanic eruptions are multi-stage and repetitive.

Aerial video of the Beiliandanlu Volcano in the Ulan Hada Volcano Group in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (original video)

The Zhongliandanlu Volcano is adjacent to the Nanliandanlu Volcano, covers an area of ​​about 1 square kilometer, and is a volcano that has erupted in the Holocene. The volcanic eruptions are mainly volcanic ash and basaltic lava. The volcanic cone is clearly visible, and it is the most intact volcano in the Ulan Hada volcanic group. The diameter of the cone base is about 0.75 kilometers. It is a composite volcanic cone, composed of an early landing cone and a late splash cone, and has the characteristics of multi-stage cone-forming eruption activities. The lower part of the cone is composed of black basaltic scoria; the upper part is a splash cone formed in the late stage, with a slope of about 20°, mainly composed of reddish-brown pyroclastic rocks and basaltic lava, mixed with volcanic bombs; there is a circular crater at the top of the cone, about 7 meters wide. The area of ​​basaltic lava formed by the eruption of Zhongliandanlu volcano is larger than 65% of the total area of ​​Holocene volcanic lava flow in the entire Ulan Hada volcanic group. It is mainly distributed on the south side of the volcano, with an area of ​​about 100 square kilometers. The distribution of basaltic lava is restricted by the terrain. The lava flows to the low-lying areas in the southeast direction, covering the Quaternary sand and Hannuoba basalt.

The South Alchemy Furnace is about 0.75 km away from the Middle Alchemy Furnace. The volcanic eruption era is the Holocene. The composition of the volcanic eruption products is very similar to that of the Middle Alchemy Furnace, both of which are composed of pyroclastic rocks and basaltic lava. The cone has been damaged to a certain extent by artificial quarrying. It is round, covers an area of ​​about 0.3 square kilometers, and has a diameter of about 0.6 kilometers. There is a crater on the top of the cone, which is about 7 meters wide and 25 meters deep. The cone on the northeast side is the highest, with a slope of about 25°. The lava flow erupted by the South Alchemy Furnace is relatively small, with a distribution area of ​​about 3 square kilometers. The lava flow flows to the low-lying areas in the west and extends for about 3 kilometers. Compared with the towering, majestic, and sunny Nanga Bawa Peak in Tibet Autonomous Region and the dry valleys of Antarctica, the driest and most Mars-like landform on the earth, the giant volcanic cone with a unique combination of red and black in the Ulan Hada volcanic group in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region can also give people a sense of shock and grandeur!

Mount Namjagbarwa in Nyingchi City, Tibet Autonomous Region, China (all original images)

Taylor Dry Valleys, Antarctica (all original images)

The Jianxi volcanic group consists of eight volcanoes or small volcanic cones, which are arranged along the northeastern basement fault. The eruption time of the volcanic group is also the Holocene. The volcanic cones vary in size, with a bottom diameter of 45-110 meters and a height of 15-25 meters. The shapes are mainly elliptical and circular. The products of volcanic eruption are mainly volcanic ash and pyroclastic rocks, mixed with a small amount of volcanic bombs, and volcanic lava is relatively scarce or almost non-existent, indicating that the volcanic eruption of the Jianxi volcanic group may be the last volcanic activity of the Ulan Hada volcanic group. A large amount of agate was formed during the eruption of the Jianxi volcanic group. Walking along the foot of the volcano and the surrounding grasslands, you will find agate embedded in the cracks or holes of the basalt. The formation of agate is closely related to volcanic eruption activities: when the underground magma erupts to the surface, the gas inside the magma expands and cools to form bubbles. These bubbles are sealed when the magma condenses and solidifies into rocks, forming many holes. These holes are filled with solutions containing silica. After a long period of precipitation and differentiation and crystallization, agate is finally formed. Therefore, the formation of agate is a complex geological process, which requires four important basic conditions: magma eruption, pore formation, silica solution filling and differentiation crystallization. The chemical composition of agate is mainly silicon dioxide (SiO2), containing a small amount of trace elements such as iron, manganese and nickel, which enrich the color and unique texture of agate. So, the volcano in Inner Mongolia can not only "spray" Ulan Hada, but also "spit" agate!

Under the combined effect of regional tectonic stress and magma, the Ulan Hada volcanic group erupted along the northeast-trending basement fault and the northwest-trending Ulan Hada-Gaowusu fault. Regional GNSS observation data from 2009 to 2017 show that the volcanic area is in a tectonic stress environment of compression in the NEE-SWW direction. Geophysical exploration data in the current volcanic area show that there are still magma chambers in the middle-lower crust at the bottom of the volcanic group. The volcanic area has rich volcanic geothermal resources, and many hot springs have been discovered. The hot spring water is rich in various minerals and very small amounts of volcanic gases such as H2O, CO2, and Rn. Existing earthquake monitoring data from the Ula Hada volcanic area show that earthquakes in the volcanic area are mainly microearthquakes, with occasional perceptible earthquakes. From 2008 to 2023, more than 37 earthquakes of magnitude ML1.0 or above were recorded in the volcanic area and neighboring areas. These earthquakes were mainly natural tectonic earthquakes, and the largest earthquake was a magnitude 3.2 earthquake that occurred on April 27, 2011 (data from the Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Provincial Seismological Bureau, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau and China Earthquake Networks Center). The above evidence indicates that the Ula Hada volcanic group is still active today.

Fireworks show in the Ulan Hada volcanic area (all pictures are from the Internet)

The Ulan Hada Volcano Group in Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region-level geological park and a national nature reserve. The lava flows formed by the eruption of the volcanic group are affected by the terrain and flow through rivers, valleys and swamps, forming volcanic geological landscapes such as stone rivers, stone lakes, stone seas and stone waves, which are known as natural "volcano museums" by the locals. Especially in winter, the light snow covers the grassland, making the volcanic lava landform uniquely beautiful. When night falls, activities such as roasted potatoes, shabu-shabu mutton and fireworks shows at the foot of the Beiliandanlu Volcano bring the public an unprecedented volcano punch-in experience. In addition, the distribution area of ​​the volcanic group and the adjacent areas are rich in mineral resources such as coal, iron, tungsten, zinc, copper, lead, molybdenum, gold, silver, uranium, graphite, fluorite, limestone and tourmaline (data from the Institute of Volcanology of the China Earthquake Administration, the China Geological Survey, the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences and the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences), providing scientists and the public with an excellent place for earthquake and volcano research, economic geology research, volcanic science popularization and tourism!

This issue of science popularization ends! Friends, see you next time!

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Author of this issue: Xu Zhitao, Senior Engineer/PhD, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration Volcanology Laboratory

Ye Xiqing, Engineer of Volcanology Laboratory, China Earthquake Administration Institute of Volcanology, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration

Sun Liying, Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Alessandro S. Senior Researcher/PhD, Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy

Eugenio N. Associate Professor/PhD, School of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy

Carolina B. Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy. PhD, University of Cambridge, UK

Sun Jinggui Professor/Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Earth Sciences, Jilin University

Liu Zhenghong Professor/PhD, College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University

Xu Yueren, Researcher/PhD, Institute of Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration

Wei Lianhuan Associate Professor/PhD, School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University

Ao Meng, PhD, School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University

Pan Bo Jilin Changbai Mountain Volcano National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Volcanoes, China Earthquake Administration Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration Researcher/PhD

Li Mengmeng Engineer of the Volcanology Laboratory of Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration

Ailin P Assistant Researcher/PhD, National Commission on Space Activities of Argentina, National Scientific and Technological Research Council of Argentina

Roberto M. Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy. PhD, University of Naples Federico II, Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany.

Pan Xiaodong, Senior Engineer, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Kang Jianhong, Senior Engineer, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Cao Li, Second Level Researcher, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Bai Lingan Professor/PhD, School of Earth Sciences, Guilin University of Technology

Yan Qinghe Associate Professor/PhD, School of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University

Yi Jian Associate Professor/PhD, School of Earth Sciences, Jilin University

Ma Xiaoxi, Senior Engineer/PhD, Jilin Earthquake Station and Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Ruan Qingfeng, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau, Engineer/PhD

Zhang Xinwen, PhD, School of Earth Sciences, Jilin University

Sveva·R·M PhD, University of Florence, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Li Zhongwei, Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Disaster Risk Prevention and Control Center, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Feng Jingqiao, Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Disaster Risk Prevention and Control Center, Jilin Seismological Bureau

Ito Eri, Researcher at Kyoto University, Japan Institute of Architectural Research

Zhao Chuntao Assistant Researcher/PhD, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Jia Baojin, Senior Engineer, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Bao Baoxiao, Senior Engineer, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Xi Wenya, Engineer, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Li Tengyu Assistant Engineer, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Wang Hui, Assistant Engineer, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Zhang Peng, Engineer of Jilin Province Seismological Bureau, Songyuan Earthquake Monitoring Center Station, Jilin Province

Wei Feixiang Associate Researcher/PhD, Institute of Seismology and Geology, China Earthquake Administration

Liu Guoming, Senior Engineer, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Changbai Mountain Tianchi Volcano Monitoring Station, Jilin Province

Zheng Guodong, Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Gu Guohui, Engineer of Volcano Laboratory, China Earthquake Administration Institute of Volcanology, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration

Jia RuoSenior Engineer/Postdoctoral Fellow, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

Song Yujia, Engineer of Volcano Laboratory, China Earthquake Administration Institute of Volcanology, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration

Chu Xiaolei, PhD, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University

Guan Sheng, Engineer, Volcano Laboratory, China Earthquake Administration Institute of Volcanology, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration

Wang Jingwei, First-level Chief Section Officer, Jilin Provincial Seismological Bureau

Xu Dan, Engineer, Jilin Province Seismological Bureau, Changbai Mountain Tianchi Volcano Monitoring Station, Jilin Province

Zhang Sen, Postdoctoral Fellow, College of Geological Engineering and Surveying, Chang'an University

Yan Donghan, Engineer, Jilin Province Earthquake Disaster Risk Prevention and Control Center, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration

Jin Wenhu, Second-level Chief Clerk of Jilin Provincial Seismological Bureau

Zhang Xiaoqiu, third-level chief clerk of Jilin Provincial Seismological Bureau

Wang Kewei, assistant engineer of Changchun Earthquake Bureau Rapid Report Center

Ji Zheng Associate Professor/Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Earth Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University

Ma Fei, Engineer of Jilin Province Earthquake Disaster Risk Prevention and Control Center, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Wang Yumeng, Senior Engineer, Information Center (Emergency Service Center) of Jilin Provincial Earthquake Administration

Wang Jialei, Engineer, Information Center (Emergency Service Center) of Jilin Province Earthquake Administration

Zhang Xin, Guangdong Provincial Seismological Bureau, Senior Engineer/PhD, University of Science and Technology of China

Liu Hongyan, Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Chi Zhe, PhD, School of Earth Sciences, Nanjing University

Yu Yue, Senior Section Officer, Jilin Provincial Seismological Bureau

Cao Guangyuan, Senior Section Member, Jilin Provincial Seismological Bureau

Han Di, Engineer at Jilin Earthquake Station and Jilin Provincial Earthquake Bureau

Salvotore G. Senior Researcher/PhD, Etna Observatory, Catania, Italy

Stefano C. Senior Researcher/PhD, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Arsène T.S. Senior Engineer, Goma Volcano Observatory, Democratic Republic of Congo

Yonggang Sun, Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China

Zhang Kun Postdoctoral fellow, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University

Pablo R.P. Associate Professor, School of Earth Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain

Xu Zhikai, Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Liu Chaoyang Postdoctoral Fellow, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Zhang Yong, Researcher/PhD, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

Gu Alei Senior Engineer/PhD, Tianjin Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey

Zhang Xiaotian Associate Professor/PhD, School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology

Xu Chuan Postdoctoral fellow, School of Geophysics, Chengdu University of Technology

Hou Jie, PhD, First Monitoring Center, China Earthquake Administration

Li Haiyan, PhD, Fujian Natural Disaster Prevention and Control Technology Research Institute, Fujian Seismological Bureau

Cao Rongji, Engineer, Jilin Province Seismological Bureau

Shi Qiang, PhD, School of Mining, Liaoning University of Engineering and Technology

Guo MingruiSenior Engineer, Hainan Provincial Seismological Bureau

Jia WeiSenior Engineer, Hainan Provincial Seismological Bureau

Chen Mingyang Northwest Bureau of China Metallurgical Geology Bureau China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) Engineer

Wu Nier, Senior Engineer, Xinjiang Seismological Bureau

Yan Wei, Senior Engineer, Xinjiang Seismological Bureau

Han Jilong China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Associate Researcher/Postdoctoral Fellow, Development Center, China Geological Survey

Zou Yaoyao, PhD, School of Resources, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)

Aldo B Senior Engineer, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Francesco L Senior Engineer, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

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