China Canyon, so shocking!

Talking about the canyons in China

In everyone's mind

A series of familiar names will emerge

193km long

Yangtze River Three Gorges

It has attracted countless scholars and writers.

(Xiling Gorge of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, photographer @魏启扬)

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The mountains are steep and majestic

Taihang Mountain Canyons

It was once an important transportation route for ancient people to cross mountains and ridges.

(Please watch in horizontal mode, Taihang Mountain Grand Canyon in Linzhou, Henan Province, photographer @付有良)

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Draw a beautiful curve at the foot of Mount Nanga Bawa

Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon

With a length of 504.6 km and a depth of over 6000 m

Ranked among the world's largest canyons

(Nanga Bawa Peak and Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, photographer @高一蒙)

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China is a mountainous country

In contrast, there are countless canyons.

They are widely distributed over 9.6 million square kilometers of land.

Make China the world's

One of the most beautiful canyon landscapes in the country

(Distribution map of major famous canyons in China, drawn by @郑艺/Planet Research Institute)

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What is the power

What shaped so many canyons?

01

The Creation of Rivers

canyon

The creation of the river

It is a river that continuously cuts down

The product of the collision with the rising earth

However

The Canyon at the Beginning

It is not as magnificent as people imagine.

In Mohe City, Heilongjiang

Heilongjiang River bends into an exaggerated "Ω" shape

Known as "The First Bay of Heilongjiang"

Maybe it's hard to believe

Such a winding river

A whole new canyon may be brewing

Beneath the calm waters

The river water carries sand and gravel, wears away and cuts the bottom rocks

Deepening the riverbed

The entire river is embedded tens of meters below the surface

If the Greater Khingan Range continues to rise

Heilongjiang will maintain its current state and continue to cut

Produces deeper canyons

This kind of plain river

The valley was formed due to the uplift of the land surface and the cutting of rivers.

Pre-Creation River Canyon

(Schematic diagram of the formation of the Xiancheng River Canyon, drawn by @Hanqing/Planetary Research Institute)

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In the last 100 million years

Affected by the combined effects of plate movement

Most of the Chinese mainland

Rising to mountains and hills

Many rivers once flowed here

Cut down and deepen

Forming various types of pre-formed river canyons

In North China

Taihang and Yanshan Mountains slowly rise

Juma River, Yongding River, Hutuo River, etc.

Carving the Xiancheng River Canyon into the Mountains

(The Juma River Gorge in Yesanpo Scenic Area, Laishui County, Hebei Province, photographer @余明)

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At the junction of north and south

The Qinling Mountains are rising rapidly

The Han River and its tributaries cut into the mountains

"Tai Chi City" in Xunyang City, Ankang City, Shaanxi Province

The name comes from the Tai Chi-shaped Xiancheng River Canyon

(The Xunhe River Gorge in Xunyang City, Ankang City, Shaanxi Province, where the Xunhe River flows right into the Han River. Photographer: Yang Wenzhong)

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In South China

The southern hills have been in a state of uplift for a long time

Several major tributaries of the Pearl River cut through the surface

The formation includes Sanrong Gorge, Dading Gorge and Lingyang Gorge.

Many pre-formed river canyons

(Please watch in horizontal mode, Lingyang Gorge, Xijiang, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, photographer @吴勇强)

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In the Northwest

Weigan River originates from Tianshan Mountain

Cutting through the desolate mountains

Leaving behind the curved pre-formed river canyon

Finally it flows into the Tarim River

(The Weigan River on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin cuts through the Queletag Mountains. Photographer: @仇梦涵)

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In the Southwest

Long-term uplift of the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding mountains

A series of rivers represented by the Jialing River

Formation of a large number of pre-formed river canyons

Among them,

Libi Gorge, Wentang Gorge, Guanyin Gorge

It is called "Little Three Gorges of Jialing River"

(The Little Three Gorges of the Jialing River in Chongqing, image provided by Wu Xianghong, tagged @谢煜涵/Planet Research Institute)

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Tracing back from this

The Jialing River and its tributaries flow through the valleys between the hills.

Nanchong, Suining, Guangyuan

Langzhong, Zhaohua and other towns

They are all built in the wide areas of the Xiancheng River Canyon.

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the ancient city of Langzhong in Sichuan and the surrounding hills, photographer @沈龙泉)

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In some areas on the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains

The horizontal changes of the Jialing River Gorge are more prominent

The river water continues to erode the mountains on the concave bank

Widen the river channel laterally

At the same time, the silt is deposited on the convex bank

This phenomenon means that the uplift of the mountain has slowed down or even stopped.

(Jialing River Gorge in Hui County, Longnan, Gansu Province, the river flows from the top to the bottom of the picture, photographer @杨文忠, tagged @汉青/星球研究院)

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Wait until the mountain rises rapidly again

When the river cuts down and becomes faster again

The previously accumulated silt and riverbed were cut again.

On both sides of the Xiancheng River Canyon

Forming a landscape called "terrace"

(Please watch in horizontal screen, the terrace landscape of the Suosong Village section of the Yarlung Zangbo River Gorge, photographer @贾纪谦, tagged @汉青/星球研究院)

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Terraces are step-shaped landforms on the hillsides on both sides of the canyon.

It is in the continuous period of rise and rest.

The product of mountain rivers constantly transforming canyons

Witnessed the intermittent uplift of the earth

(Schematic diagram of the formation of canyon terraces, drawn by @Hanqing/Planetary Research Institute)

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They provide fertile river sediment

and at an altitude far above the river

For the survival and development of mankind

Created favorable conditions

(Farmlands and villages on the terraces of the Lancang River Canyon, photographer @李小糖, tagged @汉青/星球研究院)

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So far

Rivers can grow in two basic ways: by deepening and by widening.

Creating a canyon

And beyond the creation of the river

The Earth Continues to Rise

It also helps at the macro level

Creating a richer canyon landscape

02

The Earth's Help

In the karst area of ​​southwest China

There is often a canyon with a unique shape

Deeply embedded in carbonate mountains

Like a "crack in the earth"

It is called a karst canyon.

(Maliang River Canyon in Xingyi, Guizhou is a karst fissure canyon, photographer @笑飞雪)

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The rocks in karst areas are mainly composed of calcium carbonate.

These rocks are dissolved by the carbon dioxide in the water.

Makes rivers cut faster

Soon a deep and narrow "ground crack" was formed.

(Huangying Grand Canyon in Wulong, Chongqing, photographer @胡兴波)

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Chongqing Fengjie has

The longest and most densely populated canyon in the world

The most typical karst canyon group

Among them, Tianjingxia fissure is particularly typical.

(Interior view of Tianjingxia Ground Crack, photographer @黄雪峰)

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More special is

The river at the bottom of Tianjing Gorge has turned to flow underground

Become an underground river

(Schematic diagram of the origin of karst fissure canyons, drawn by @Hanqing/Planetary Research Institute)

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Underground rivers sometimes encounter cliffs

Incarnation Waterfall

(Hubei Enshi Qingjiang Butterfly Spring, the two waterfalls correspond to the valley river and the underground river respectively, photographer @李云飞, tagged @汉青/星球研究院)

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More often

The underground river creates a large number of underground caves

When the roof of a series of caves collapses

Forming several interconnected tiankengs

It also forms a large karst canyon

(Chongqing Wulong Tiankeng Canyon, the tiankengs are separated by natural bridges, and the bottom of the canyon is a river that has seen the sun again. Photographer @陈小羊)

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The dark river has since seen the light of day

Continue to flow among the peaks and peaks

Scouring and dissolving out larger canyons

To the karst region of southwest China

Add a touch of softness and beauty

(Please watch in horizontal mode, Lijiang River Gorge in Yangshuo, Guilin, Guangxi, photographer @何旭龙)

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If the intrinsic chemical properties of rocks

Participated in creating the most beautiful canyon in China

Then the fracture zone produced by the rock being broken by external force

They often help shape the most majestic canyons.

65 million years ago

The Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate collide violently

As the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau gradually rises

A huge force tears the earth apart

In and around the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Formed a stretch of hundreds of kilometers

Super fault zone

(Sketch of the topography and large faults in the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, drawn by @Zheng Yi/Planet Research Institute)

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The water converges along a section of the fault zone

Forming a super river

Rivers cut down to form super canyons

Thus, the most spectacular canyon group in China was born.

At the foot of Mount Nanga Bawa

Several fault zones are connected to each other

Turning a big bend around the snowy mountains

The Yarlung Zangbo River flows through it

This has created one of the longest and deepest onshore canyons in the world.

Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon

(Overlooking the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon from high altitude, photographer @小风)

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In the heart of the Hengduan Mountains

Several fault zones are arranged approximately in parallel

Guide the Nujiang River, Lancang River and Jinsha River

Forming three deep canyons

Including Nujiang Grand Canyon

(The First Bay of Nujiang River, photographer @崔永江)

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Lancang River Grand Canyon

(Lancang River Grand Canyon in Yanjing Township, Mangkang, Tibet, photographer @胡澍)

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and Jinsha River Grand Canyon

Together they form the world-famous

Three Parallel Rivers

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the canyon of the first bend of the Jinsha River, photographer @崔永江)

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In these majestic mountains and deep valleys

There are also countless narrow terraces hidden

They are like pearls in the canyon.

Raising a home

(Yajiang County in the Yalong River Gorge in Sichuan, photographer @见书)

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These Grand Canyons on the Fault Zone

Bringing the magnificence of China's canyons to a climax

But that's not the whole story of the canyon.

As our gaze continues upward

Towards the source of rivers where the surface is rising more dramatically

What else is exciting here?

03

Source of rivers

Rivers of China

There are at least two different sources

Thus, two different canyon systems are formed.

In the mountains and hills at lower altitudes

Precipitation gathers along the slope

The mud, sand and rocks washed away the hillside along the way.

Forming grooves of varying sizes

Ravine landform

Loess Plateau in Northern China

The spectacular valley landscape

They vary in size

From a width and depth of only a few meters

Small grooves and shallow grooves

(Valley landscape of the Loess Plateau in Gansu, photographer @Teng Hongliang, tagged @Hanqing/Planet Research Institute)

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Up to tens of meters in width and depth

Thousands of meters in length

Large cuts and gullies

(On the Loess Plateau after the snow, the tree-like valleys are particularly clear, photographer @吴玮)

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They follow the law of evolution from small to large

Under the wash of rain and snow

Forming a complex network of gullies

(Schematic diagram of valley landform evolution, drawn by @Hanqing/Planetary Research Institute)

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Eventually the plateau was cut into pieces

Producing a landscape with thousands of ravines and gullies

(Aerial photography of the Loess Plateau in Gaolan, Gansu, photographer @何旭龙)

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In the concept of geomorphology

There is perennial water flowing at the bottom of the canyon

The valleys are formed by repeated erosion of intermittent water flows.

There is no stable river at the bottom

Based on this distinction

The true face of some internet celebrity "canyons"

It is actually a larger valley.

"Yucha Grand Canyon" in Yan'an, Shaanxi

There is no stable river at the bottom

There is only water and gravel left by mountain torrents.

This shows that it is a valley formed by repeated erosion by mountain torrents.

(Yucha Grand Canyon in Yan'an, Shaanxi Province. The white substance at the bottom is ice formed by accumulated water. Photographer: @李源)

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High up in the narrow valley walls

Sometimes stuck dead wood can be seen

They mark the heights that flash floods once reached.

It can be seen that its momentum is strong

(In the Yucha Grand Canyon, a strong mountain torrent stuck a dead tree between the rock walls. Photographer: @石耀臣)

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The "Mysterious Grand Canyon of Tianshan" in Kuche, Xinjiang

A larger scale

But there is no stable river at the bottom of the valley

Just a huge ravine

(There is no perennial river at the bottom of the mysterious Tianshan Grand Canyon in Kuche, Xinjiang, and it is also a huge valley. Photographer @蒋涵)

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When looking down from a high altitude

A vast network of ravines carved into the reddish-brown mountain

They are seasonal rain and snow

The result of carving the hillside

(Overlooking the mysterious Grand Canyon of Tianshan from high altitude, photographer @李珩)

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Only when the valley continues to cut down

When the area groundwater is touched

Water can flow out continuously

Forming a stable river

(Diagram of streams generated by deepening valleys, drawn by @Hanqing/Planetary Research Institute)

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So far

The valley turns into a river source

Mountains and hills at medium and low altitudes across China

Giving life to rivers

(The snow-covered Qinling Mountains, the valleys carved out by snow water give birth to rivers, photographer @刘忠文)

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The river flows from its origin in the valley to the distance

Cut a canyon in the mountains

And continue from the valleys on both sides of the canyon

Gathering water

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the valleys on the mountains on both sides of the Jinsha River Canyon, photographer @陈小羊)

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In this way

A vast gully-river-canyon system

Appearing on the earth

Leading rivers to the sea

(Diagram of the gully-river-canyon system, drawn by @Zheng Borong/Planetary Research Institute)

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But this system is not complete

In western China, where the ground is rising rapidly

On those peaks and plateaus that reach the sky

There is also a world ruled by ice and snow

(Glaciers and canyons around Gongga Snow Mountain, photographer @向文军)

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Glaciers are like frozen rivers

Flowing down the gullies and canyons around the mountains

Crushing rocks and reshaping valleys

(Valley glacier landscape of Kunlun Mountains, photographer @仇梦涵)

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When the climate warms

Glacier retreat

U-shaped valley with a wide bottom

Left behind in the depths of the snowy mountains

(Schematic diagram of the formation of a glacial U-shaped valley, drawn by @王朝阳&张靖/Planetary Research Institute)

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Glacier meltwater flows into streams

Flowing and cutting along the U-shaped valley

(Qiangningcuo moraine lake and stream under Qiangyong Glacier, photographer @李珩)

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Continue to U-shaped valley

Transformed into a "V"-shaped river canyon

(The meltwater from the Laigu Glacier formed streams, transforming the U-shaped valley of the glacier into a "V"-shaped canyon. Photographer: @张政)

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Gradually build a complete

Glacier-valley-river-canyon system

(Sketch of the glacier-valley-river-canyon system, drawn by @Zheng Borong/Planetary Research Institute)

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Xinjiang Tianshan

For such a huge system

Provides a classic miniature case

At the top of Tianshan Mountain, more than 5,000 meters above sea level

Glacier meltwater flows in the U-shaped valley

Gathered into messy streams

(Glacier valley and river canyon under Bogda Peak in Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, photographer @赣州七爷)

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The stream receives water from the valley along its way.

Converge into large rivers

Cutting mountains to form valleys

And finally rushed out of the valley

Deposit silt at the foot of the mountain

Forming continuous alluvial fans

(Snow-capped mountains, glaciers, valleys, canyons and alluvial fans of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang, photographer @陆雨春)

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The rise of the Tianshan Mountains continues

The river is still cutting rapidly

Forming a deep pre-familiar river canyon in front of the mountain

(Please watch horizontally, Anjihai Grand Canyon in Xinjiang, photographer @崔华明)

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On the walls of these canyons

The flat terrace is eye-catching

Records the history of intermittent uplift of the Tianshan Mountains

It also records the history of the canyon's intermittent deepening.

(Terraces on both sides of the Dushanzi Grand Canyon in Xinjiang, photographer @张波)

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In addition to the continuous terraces formed on both sides of the canyon

It is also constantly washed away by rainfall.

Produced dense valley groups

(The dense gullies on the side walls of Dushanzi Grand Canyon, photographer @张波)

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Precipitation gathers in the valley

At the end it joins the canyon river

(The gully system on the side wall of Dushanzi Grand Canyon in Xinjiang, photographer @一乙)

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finally

Meltwater from glaciers

and precipitation from the clouds

At the foot of the rising Tianshan Mountains

Creates a glacier-valley-river-canyon system

(Please watch in horizontal mode, alluvial fan canyon group in the northern foothills of Tianshan Mountains, map by @Zheng Yi/Planetary Research Institute)

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This system connects the mountains and the foothills.

But the Tianshan Mountains themselves

It is still the watershed between northern and southern Xinjiang.

Separated into two different worlds

Facing the ultimate obstacle of the watershed

Can the canyon continue to be connected?

04

Through the Earth

Yangtze River and Yellow River

Provides us with a definite answer

More than 100 million years ago

Wushan was once an ancient watershed

Separated the ancient Yangtze River in the east and the ancient Chuan River in the west

But as the sources of the two rivers continue to cut through the mountains

Finally cross the watershed

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the Yangtze River Three Gorges are connected. The time of the connection is still controversial, ranging from tens of millions to hundreds of thousands of years ago; map by @郑伯蓉&风沉郁&陈志浩/Planetary Research Institute)

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The two rivers merge into one in the canyon

The Three Gorges Project of the Yangtze River came into being

(Chongqing Fengjie Kuimen is the starting point of the Three Gorges, and the foreground is Baidi City. Photographer: Li Qiong)

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On the upper reaches of the Yangtze River

Countless watersheds, big and small, have also been connected

Forming countless canyons

The Yangtze River eventually reaches the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Created the rolling Yangtze River flowing eastward

(Tiger Leaping Gorge on the Jinsha River, photographer @Lu Wen)

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Different from the Yangtze River

The Yellow River was originally a series of lakes and rivers.

They are blocked by many ancient watersheds.

The eastern mountains of the Loess Plateau were once one of them.

When it is finally penetrated

Formed the magnificent Shanxi-Shaanxi Grand Canyon

(The Yellow River Jin-Shaan Grand Canyon, photographer @许兆超)

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In the upper reaches of the Yellow River

The power of penetration is also very powerful

The ancient lake systems that were originally blocked by the watershed

It is also connected by rivers and canyons.

The scattered water systems are integrated into a large river

That’s why the Yellow River water comes from the sky

(Longyangxia and Longyangxia Reservoir of the Yellow River, photographer @李珩)

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In the history of the evolution of the Chinese land

Ravines and canyons

Nurture and help rivers connect the earth

When humans walked into the canyon

It further enriches the connotation of the canyon.

In vertical direction

A canyon is a land passage through the mountains

Countless merchants and troops shuttled through it

Countless dangerous passes are hidden in it

Stirring up the heroic spirit of war

(Beijing Jundu Grand Canyon, one of the Eight Gorges of Taihang Mountains, with Juyongguan Great Wall stretching across it, was an important military pass in ancient times. Photographer: @Greatwj)

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The canyon is also an important shipping channel.

The boat passes through the mountains

To deliver wealth and goods to all directions

(Please watch in horizontal mode, Qutang Gorge of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, photographer @王正坤)

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But the canyon also blocks traffic

Bringing isolation

Create a relatively closed environment

(A village in the Taihang Mountain Grand Canyon in Linzhou, Henan Province, photographer @李建斌)

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For thousands of years

People fleeing war and looking for a new home

Migrating into the mountains along the canyon

On the slopes or terraces on both sides of the canyon

Building a paradise

(Yanjin County in the Guanhe Gorge in Zhaotong, Yunnan, photographer @Yu Ming)

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To communicate with the outside world

People living in the canyon

Create multiple modes of transportation

For example, zip line

(Zipline bridge in Nujiang Gorge, photographer @张伊华)

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Hanging wall highway

(Taihang Mountain Cliff Road, photographer @朱金华)

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now

People use the power of technology

Build bridges in valleys and dig holes in mountains

(In the Taihang Mountains of Zezhou County, Jincheng City, Shanxi Province, the Xianshen River Bridge crosses the canyon. Photographer: Zhao Yaping)

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Roads and railways run along the canyon

Leading to a home in the mountains

(Guozigou Bridge in Yili, Xinjiang, photographer @赖宇宁)

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The earth has been connected for billions of years

Connected with thousands of years of civilization

So intertwined

This is the canyon of China.

Rich, magnificent, incomparable

Deep Zone

(Peach Blossom Valley in Bomi, Nyingchi, Tibet, photographer @张静)

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This article was created by

Chief Writer: Yunwukongcheng

Editor: Director

Image: Imayama

Map: Zhengyi

Design: Han Qing & Zheng Borong

Reviewer: Fengzi & Ding Hao

Cover Photographer: Ren Jialing

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Source: Planet Research Institute

A group of National Geographic fans, focusing on exploring the extreme world