After eating "Umbrella", the thread was pulled out and it became a hot topic online! Don't eat these things casually, they can be fatal if you are not careful

today

#A woman had hallucinations after eating wild mushrooms and kept pulling the string#

Topics on the hot search list

Attracted hundreds of millions of netizens to watch

According to Xinhua News Agency

In Kunming, Yunnan

A woman experienced hallucinations after eating wild mushrooms that had been heated overnight

I pulled a line all the way to the hospital

Many netizens were confused by the performance of "Finding You Along the Internet Cable"

Some netizens are not surprised

The annual "drug testing competition" has begun again

There are also many local friends in Yunnan who share their experiences

Don’t eat wild mushrooms carelessly, or you may end up dying

June to October every year

For local people in Yunnan, it is a happy time to eat mushrooms

But then there emerged various

News about poisoning from eating wild poisonous mushrooms

Some magical "hallucinogenic videos" are frequently searched

Some people danced and said they saw elves and colorful clouds.

Some people can see their family members turning into pressure cookers, octopuses,

......

In addition to hallucinations

Deaths from eating poisonous mushrooms are also common.

Although many Yunnan people say

A summer without eating wild mushrooms is incomplete

But why do hallucinations occur after eating wild mushrooms?

What should we pay attention to when eating?

What should I do if I get poisoned?

How to make the Amanita fungus, known as the "world's most poisonous mushroom"

Let’s take a look together↓↓

01

Why do mushrooms cause hallucinations? What are other common symptoms of poisoning?

Mushrooms that cause hallucinations and "extraordinary" experiences after eating are collectively called psychedelic mushrooms. There are about 200 species in the world, and more than 100 species in my country, mainly distributed in Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan, Shaanxi, Xinjiang and Tibet.

The most representative type of hallucinogenic mushrooms is the genus Amanita, and the most famous one is the fly amanita. It looks very familiar to many people, with a bright red to orange or yellow cap with many white protrusions. We often see it in fairy tales, animated movies and Mario games.

(Copyrighted image from the gallery, no permission to reprint)

There is another type of mushroom whose family is very large, mainly composed of mushrooms of the genera Psilocybin, Pseudoma, Gymnocybe and Trioclone. The main hallucinogenic ingredient is psilocybin, also known as psilocybin, which is a neurotoxin with neuropsychedelic effects and is a strictly controlled first-class psychotropic drug in my country. Psilocybin poisoning is caused by stimulating the autonomic nervous system and inhibiting the motor nervous system, which can cause nerve excitement and illusions about time and space, until symptoms such as self-distortion, delusion and split thinking appear.

In addition to hallucinogenic effects, fungal poisoning can also cause the following symptoms:

Gastroenteritis

The disease usually occurs 10 minutes to 6 hours after eating. The main symptoms are acute nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, or accompanied by dizziness, headache, and general fatigue. The course of the disease is generally short, recovery is fast, the prognosis is good, and death is rare. However, in severe cases, vomiting blood, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, coma, and organ failure may occur and lead to death.

Hemolytic

The disease usually occurs 6 to 12 hours after eating. In addition to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or headache, irritability, the toxin contained in the deer fungus can damage red blood cells. Within 1 to 2 days, hemolysis symptoms will quickly appear due to the large-scale destruction of red blood cells by the toxin. The main manifestations are acute anemia, jaundice, hemoglobinuria, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. In severe cases, the pulse is weak, convulsions, hallucinations and drowsiness may occur, and death may occur due to severe damage to the liver and kidneys and heart failure.

Liver damage

This is the main type of death caused by poisonous mushroom poisoning. Amanita phalloides directly act on the nuclei of liver cells, causing rapid cell necrosis, which is one of the important reasons for the death of poisoned people. Symptoms such as liver enlargement, jaundice, abnormal liver function, extensive bleeding, hepatic coma, oliguria, anuria, irritability, and even coma, convulsions, and shock may occur. The course of the disease is long, and the condition is complicated and dangerous. If rescue is not timely, the mortality rate can be as high as 60%-80%.

Respiratory and circulatory failure

This type of poisonous mushroom poisoning mainly causes respiratory failure and circulatory failure. It is mainly caused by poisoning of Subspecies sparsely pleated black mushrooms. The main symptoms are toxic myocarditis, acute renal failure and respiratory paralysis.

Photoallergic dermatitis

For example, short black ear and gyro (also known as pig mouth mushroom) contain photosensitive substances porphyrins. When the toxins are absorbed through the digestive tract and enter the human body, they can increase the sensitivity of human cells to sunlight. Dermatitis will appear in all parts exposed to sunlight, such as redness, swelling, burning fever and needle-like pain. The incubation period is long, and the disease usually occurs 1 to 2 days after eating. In addition, some patients also experience mild nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms.

02

If you want to eat with peace of mind, remember these points

What do poisonous mushrooms look like?

The folk song "Red umbrellas and white poles, let's lie down together after eating..." is deeply rooted in people's hearts, but in fact, poisonous wild mushrooms are not just "red umbrellas" and "white poles". In my country, the several types of mushrooms that cause death by accidental ingestion are mainly highly poisonous Amanita, which are mostly "gray umbrellas", "white umbrellas" and "yellow umbrellas". For example: gray-patterned Amanita, deadly Amanita, yellow-capped Amanita and the fly Amanita mentioned above.

In order to help everyone recognize fungi more clearly and eat them with peace of mind, the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Yunnan Key Laboratory of Fungal Diversity and Green Development recently jointly released the "Common Poisonous Fungi (Poisonous Mushrooms) in Yunnan 2022 Edition".

In addition, there are common poisonous mushrooms in North China, South China, Northeast China, Central China, Sichuan, Chongqing, Zhejiang and other places. Everyone should pay attention to the latest news released by relevant departments at any time and be careful to identify them!

There are two golden standards for staying away from poisonous mushrooms

The first gold standard: Mushrooms with a hat on the head (cap), a skirt around the waist (ring), and shoes on the feet (trapezia) are mostly poisonous, so try not to eat them!

The second golden rule: Don’t eat mushrooms you are not familiar with! Only eat edible mushrooms you are familiar with!

These "drug detection" methods are unreliable

Are brightly colored or beautiful mushrooms poisonous?

According to Yang Zhuliang, a researcher at the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, there are more than 900 known edible mushroom species and more than 400 poisonous species. Among edible mushrooms, there are more brightly colored species, while among poisonous mushrooms, there are probably only more than 50 brightly colored species, and most of them are dull and inconspicuous. Therefore, we should not use the bright color to distinguish whether mushrooms are poisonous.

For example, chanterelles, red mushrooms and blue-headed mushrooms are all brightly colored but non-toxic edible mushrooms, while the white agaric, which looks similar to the oyster mushroom, is a highly poisonous mushroom.

Are mushrooms that have been eaten by insects not poisonous?

People may think that mushrooms eaten by insects must be safe, but mushrooms that are not eaten by insects must be poisonous. In fact, the physiological characteristics of humans and insects are very different. Mushrooms that are non-toxic to humans may be poisonous to insects; conversely, mushrooms that are non-toxic to insects may be poisonous to humans. Therefore, it is unscientific to distinguish mushrooms based solely on whether there are insects on the surface.

Soak mushrooms in water and see if the water is clear to determine if they are toxic?

The water becomes turbid because of the pulp in the mushrooms, which may or may not be poisonous, and many poisonous mushrooms do not become turbid after soaking in water.

Are mushrooms that turn black when cooked with garlic, rice, or silver poisonous?

Some foods will turn black when cooked with mushrooms, so they must not be eaten. In addition to garlic, rice, and silverware, poisonous mushrooms and other foods will also have similar reactions. For example, the appearance and growth environment of the poisonous black fungus are very similar to those of black fungus. When washing, the water will turn black, and when fried with eggs, the eggs will also turn black. However, some mushrooms are very toxic and have no reaction to silverware, etc., and will not turn black. Therefore, this method of identifying poisons is not advisable, and if it does not turn black when cooked together, it may also be a poisonous mushroom.

Can long-term high-temperature heating, cooking with garlic and ginger kill viruses?

Different poisonous mushrooms have different thermal stability of toxins. Some poisonous mushrooms can destroy toxins after heating, but the toxins of highly poisonous mushrooms, especially Amanita phalloides, are very stable and heat-resistant. Boiling and drying cannot destroy or remove the toxins. Although garlic and ginger have certain bactericidal effects, they cannot detoxify poisonous mushrooms.

Are mushrooms "friends or foes"? Even experienced biologists often need to use professional laboratory instruments to make accurate identifications. Non-professionals can hardly accurately identify poisonous mushrooms based on their experience, shape, smell, color and other appearance characteristics.

03

What should I do if I accidentally eat poisonous mushrooms?

Many netizens found it very interesting to see hallucinations after eating mushrooms, and even had the idea of ​​trying it. Experts here remind us not to underestimate poisonous mushrooms. There is no specific antidote for poisoning from poisonous mushrooms, and those who are seriously ill may die. If you suspect poisoning, remember the following suggestions:

1. Induce vomiting or catharsis: Induce vomiting as soon as possible while the poisoned person is conscious. You can use your fingers to scratch the throat or use utensils (chopsticks, soup spoon, etc.) to press the root of the tongue to induce vomiting. You can repeat it many times and try to vomit out the stomach contents to reduce the absorption of toxins and reduce the degree of poisoning. After inducing vomiting, it is best to let the patient drink a small amount of salt and sugar water to replenish the lost body fluids and prevent dehydration from causing shock. For mild diarrhea, a small amount of laxatives can be taken to speed up the elimination of toxins.

2. Seek medical attention immediately: After poisoning, go to a regular hospital for treatment or call 120 emergency number.

3. Keep samples of poisonous mushrooms for reference by professionals when treating patients: It is best to take photos of the mushrooms you eat and carry samples of the remaining mushrooms you eat.

04

Why are poisonous mushrooms so powerful? Scientists have discovered the key gene

The highly toxic Amanita fungus containing amatoxin is known as the "world's most poisonous mushroom", and most of the fatal poisoning cases are caused by this type of mushroom. Recently, researchers from the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, have made the latest research progress in the synthesis mechanism of amatoxin toxins in poisonous mushrooms. They discovered two new key genes for amatoxin synthesis, P450-29 and FMO1, increasing the number of known toxin synthesis genes from the original 2 to 4, and gaining a deeper understanding of the biosynthesis pathway of amatoxin.

According to Luo Hong, the first author of the paper and an associate researcher at the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the key genes discovered this time are different oxygenases, which are responsible for introducing oxygen atoms at key sites of the amatoxin toxin, such as isoleucine C-5 and proline C-4. If these oxygen atoms are missing, the activity of the toxin will decrease by more than 1,000 times.

Researchers have discovered that amanita cyclotides are not unique to Amanita fungi. The study confirmed for the first time that, in the order Agaricaceae, although Amanita, Agaricus, and Agaricus are distantly related, the genetic basis for their production of amanita cyclotides is the same. In the course of evolution, the toxin synthesis capabilities of these three major categories of mushrooms are different. Amanita is the best among them, and its amanita cyclotides biosynthesis pathway has produced many innovations, and its toxin production capacity has increased thousands of times, making it the well-deserved king of mushroom poisons.

Mushrooms are delicious but also contain hidden dangers

Remember not to pick or eat randomly

Once symptoms of poisoning occur

See a doctor as soon as possible

Don't delay treatment

Source: Science and Technology Daily compiled from Xinhuanet, Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Health Commission, Xinhua News Agency Weibo, China Science Daily, China Daily, Guokr, Science Popularization China, and previous reports of this newspaper, etc.

◎ Comprehensive report by Zhang Shuang of Science and Technology Daily

Editor: Zhang Shuang

Review: Yue Liang

Final judge: Wang Tingting