What can you see at the Potala Palace?

Potala Palace, Tibet

Seems to be out of touch with the real world

It is accompanied by pure ice and snow

Located on the highest plateau in the world

(Potala Palace in Tibet, photographer @Pu Qiong)

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It is made of the most precious materials and the most exquisite craftsmanship.

Considered the abode of gods

(Please watch in horizontal mode, schematic diagram of the interior and exterior of the Potala Palace, drawn by @谢统凯&@李天一&冯艺卓/Planetary Research Institute)

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It transcends the mountains

It is the holy temple in the dreams of all Tibetans.

It is called the "highest point in Tibet"

(Potala Palace location diagram, map by @吴昕恬/Planet Research Institute)

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As we approached the Potala Palace

What will you see?

I think that's

The condensed history of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

It is also the wisdom, hope and tragedy of all living beings on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Potala Palace

See the sky, see all living things

01

origin

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The highest place on Earth

It is called the roof of the world

The Third Pole

Harsh living environment on the plateau

Let people rely on the protection of gods

Tibetan ancestors believed that all things have spirits

I think every mountain, lake

They are all gods who protect themselves

(Please watch horizontally, Mount Kailash, the first sacred mountain in Tibet, photographer @南卡)

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By the 7th century AD

Indian Buddhism began to spread in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

It is integrated with the Bon belief that all things have spirits.

Evolved into Tibetan Buddhism with local characteristics

Over time

Tibetan Buddhism is widely accepted

The idea of ​​the immortality of the soul and the six realms of reincarnation

Tibetan Buddhism has become the main belief on the plateau

And derived the four major sects of Tibetan Buddhism

(The four major sects of Tibetan Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhism believes that the soul will continue to reincarnate in the six realms of gods, asuras, humans, animals, hungry ghosts, and hell. Map by @冯艺卓/星球研究院)

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By the 17th century AD

The Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism is the most powerful

With the joint support of the Qing court and the Mongolian tribes

The Fifth Dalai Lama, leader of the Gelugpa sect

Became the religious leader of Tibet

At that time

Tibet needs a new political and religious center

It is located in Lhasa.

(A mural depicting the Fifth Dalai Lama's audience with Emperor Shunzhi. The Fifth Dalai Lama was officially canonized by the Qing court as "The Dalai Lama, the Great and Free Buddha of the Western Heaven, the Leader of the Buddhist Teachings of the World", thus formally establishing the Dalai Lama's position as the leader of Buddhism in Tibet. Image source: @wikimedia commons)

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Lhasa is the most fertile land in Tibet

It is surrounded by mountains on all sides, providing a natural barrier.

The river is winding and has fertile river valley plains

As early as the first half of the 7th century AD

Songtsen Gampo inherited the business pioneered by his father and grandfather

Created the unprecedentedly powerful Tubo Dynasty

Initially unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and moved the capital to Lhasa

(Please watch in horizontal mode, Lhasa River and Lhasa. Archaeological discoveries have confirmed that Lhasa was already inhabited by humans more than 4,000 years ago. During the reign of Songtsen Gampo, the political center of the Tubo Dynasty was moved from Medoggongkha in the northeast of present-day Lhasa to Lhasa. Photographer: @行影不离)

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Songtsen Gampo regarded Lhasa as an auspicious place

He built a lot of buildings in Hongshan, Lhasa

Build your own palace

Hongshan Palace

Although the Tubo Dynasty had long since collapsed

But people highly respected Songtsen Gampo

He is regarded as the incarnation of Guanyin Bodhisattva

The Hongshan Palace where he once lived

Gradually, there is a sacred atmosphere

(Hongshan Palace in the performance of "Princess Wencheng". Hongshan Palace is the predecessor and foundation of the Potala Palace. The palace is recorded in detail in the ancient Tibetan books "The History of the Pillars" and "The Mirror of the Royal Lineage". Photographer @李贞泰)

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For the Fifth Dalai Lama

Lhasa also has outstanding advantages

Not only is the environment here excellent

It is also home to the three major monasteries of the Gelugpa sect.

Ganden Monastery, Drepung Monastery, Sera Monastery

And the sacred and ancient Jokhang Temple

It is a religious holy place in the hearts of Tibetans.

(Monks at Sera Monastery. The Gelugpa sect uses yellow hats as a symbol of the revival of the precepts, so it is also called the "Yellow Sect". Photographer: @李小糖)

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In order to take advantage of the status of the holy city of Lhasa

The prestige of Songtsen Gampo

The Fifth Dalai Lama finally decided

Build your own palace on the ruins of Hongshan Palace

In the Tibetan Buddhist concept

The Dalai Lama is the incarnation of Avalokitesvara

His palace should have the same name as the Putuo Luojia Mountain, the place of practice of Guanyin.

Hence the name Potala Palace

(The Tibetan word Potala is the transliteration of the Sanskrit word "Putuo Luojia", which refers to the dojo of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva. Please watch the picture below in horizontal mode, the Potala Palace lit up by the morning light, photographer @史飞)

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02

The sacred palace

Holy City Lhasa

It's a city that keeps turning

In order to accumulate merit and gain the protection of the gods

People always turn the Buddhist beads and prayer wheels in their hands

Walking and bowing in circles in the city

But no matter where you go in Lhasa

The Potala Palace always appears before your eyes

(Please watch in horizontal mode, Lhasa among the mountains, photographer @张泽坤)

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This kind of glory

Thanks to the height of the Potala Palace

It was built on the top of Hongshan Mountain and is integrated with the mountain.

It stands out in the flat Lhasa city.

(Schematic diagram of the Potala Palace complex, drawn by @谢统凯&@李天一&冯艺卓/Planet Research Institute)

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The Potala Palace was built on the top of a mountain

Not only for good defensive properties

It is because the height represents the sacredness.

In Tibetan legend

The first Zamp (King of Tibet) descended from the sky

He is a leader given by God to the people.

Therefore, the palaces of successive kings were all built on the top of the mountain.

The Potala Palace stretches toward the sky

Like a palace in the sky, it seems to be able to communicate with the gods

Among them, the Red Palace is located at the center and top of the Potala Palace.

Its highest point is 117m above the ground.

(Height diagram of the Potala Palace and the Red Palace, drawn by @Xie Tongkai & Li Tianyi & Feng Yizhuo/Planetary Research Institute)

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This is the largest scripture hall in the Potala Palace.

Used to hold major religious gatherings

(Spatial diagram of the West Hall of the Red Palace, drawn by @谢统凯&李天一&冯艺卓/Planetary Research Institute)

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There are also eight Dalai Lama stupas.

For future generations to worship here

These pagodas are majestic and magnificent.

The Fifth Dalai Lama's Mausoleum is the most

The tower is nearly 13m high and is covered in gold.

The exterior is inlaid with a large number of precious jewels

More than 3,700 kg of gold used

(Display of the distribution of the Dalai Lama's stupas. Whenever the Dalai Lama passes away, his ashes or remains will be placed in a stupa, and then a grand funeral will be held. The stupas of the first to fourth Dalai Lamas are enshrined in Tashilhunpo Monastery and Drepung Monastery. The sixth Dalai Lama did not have a stupa. Map by @Xie Tongkai & Li Tianyi & Feng Yizhuo/Planet Research Institute)

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The temple where the pagoda is placed

All lead directly to the top of the Red Palace

Decorated with a gilded roof

(Golden roof of the Potala Palace, photographer @王炳瑞, tagged @冯艺卓/Planet Research Institute)

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The White House stands alongside the Red Palace.

Inside is the Dalai Lama's bedroom.

The main hall and various office rooms for political and religious services

The Red Palace represents holiness, and the White House represents power.

The two together constitute the main body of the Potala Palace.

As a symbol of the unity of religion and politics

(The Potala Palace, the Red Palace, and the White Palace are shown in the illustration. Map by @谢统凯&李天一&冯艺卓/Planetary Research Institute)

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In addition, there is

The area is surrounded by buildings such as monk dormitories and monk schools.

The palace complex is over 370 meters long and 100 meters wide.

It is the crown of Tibetan architectural complexes.

(Disassembly of the main building of the Potala Palace, drawn by @谢统凯&@李天一&冯艺卓/Planet Research Institute)

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In addition, the flat land palace area and the back mountain lake area

The entire Potala Palace can accommodate more than 20,000 monks.

(Schematic diagram of the Potala Palace, drawn by @谢统凯&@李天一&冯艺卓/Planet Research Institute)

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Magnificent momentum

It is not all about the Potala Palace

It requires an extraordinary attitude

Therefore, the best craftsmen in Tibet

As well as craftsmen from Central Plains, Nepal and Mongolia

All participated in the design of the Potala Palace

It combines multi-ethnic skills

(The technical division of labor in the construction of the Potala Palace and the Red Palace. The construction of the Potala Palace and the Red Palace was presided over by Sangye Gyatso, the chief steward of the Fifth Dalai Lama. The entire project had a very detailed division of labor, and there were 1,559 technical craftsmen alone. Map by @冯艺卓/星球研究)

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It also needs long-lasting beauty

Therefore, wood and stone from well-known origins

It forms a solid body

Even the paint used to paint the exterior walls is special.

People add rock sugar, milk, medicine powder, etc.

Paint this place year after year

(The outer wall of the Potala Palace, milk, honey, etc. can enhance the viscosity of the wall plaster and ensure the color is bright and lasting, photographer @刘珠明)

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It needs to become a brilliant paradise

Therefore, a large number of scriptures, gold, silver and jade articles

Hundreds of pagodas, tens of thousands of statues, tens of thousands of thangkas

Gathered here

Make it magnificent and dazzling

(The entrance porch of the White House of the Potala Palace, photographer @潘敏君)

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The Potala Palace was admired

As joyful as Putuo Palace

As beautiful as the Emperor's Palace

As majestic as the Rakshasa Palace

Richer than the God of Wealth

(Potala Palace from different angles, the above is from "Potala Palace Praise", photographers @吴亚轩&南卡&余书翰&李揩)

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It also constitutes the powerful Lingkuo circumambulation path

Walk along the forest for 57 times

This is equivalent to turning the Sakyamuni statue in the Jokhang Temple 100,000 times.

(Lingkor Prayer Path in Lhasa, photographer @李珩, tagged @冯艺卓/Planet Research Institute)

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But being holy is not enough

The Potala Palace also has a powerful power blessing

03

The Palace of Power

1697

14-year-old Cangyang Gyatso came to Lhasa

He is no longer an ordinary child.

But a reincarnated child with extraordinary talent

The body carries the soul of the Dalai Lama

Changing the fate of Cangyang Gyatso

It is a very special way of inheritance.

The reincarnation of the living Buddha

Reincarnation

It is a unique way for Tibetan Buddhism to elect leaders.

Reincarnations are collectively called Living Buddhas

(Buddha statues are exposed in the sun at Chubu Temple. The Kagyu sect created the reincarnation system of living Buddhas in the Yuan Dynasty. The four living Buddhas of the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism are the Dalai Lama , who was in charge of politics and religion in the front Tibet during the Qing Dynasty; the Panchen Erdeni , who was in charge of politics and religion in the back Tibet ; the Changkya Hutuktu , who was in charge of Tibetan Buddhism in Inner Mongolia; and the Jebtsundamba Hutuktu , who was in charge of Tibetan Buddhism in Outer Mongolia. Photographer: @李小糖)

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In Tibetan Buddhism

The Dalai Lama will consciously transfer his soul into a new body

After his death

People will search for reincarnated soul children among newborns in various places

Before searching for the reincarnated soul boy

We need to examine the signs left by the previous Dalai Lama

Auspicious clouds appearing in the sky and the Dalai Lama's poem

There are many ways to do this, such as fortune-telling in temples and viewing the holy lake.

They will guide people to find the birthplace of the spirit boy.

People believe that the newborn reincarnation

Ability to imitate the speech and actions of past lives

Or be able to recognize objects from past lives, or recognize people from past lives

People analyze the auspicious signs of young children

Can the relics be identified?

To identify candidates for the spiritual child

(Colorful clouds over Sapu Mountain, Buqu County, Nagqu, photographer @陈彬彬)

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Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the reincarnation of living Buddhas

The drawbacks of the reincarnation procedure

He specially set up the Golden Urn Drawing Ceremony

That is, after finding a child who meets the requirements

Write their name and date of birth on the sign

Then put the golden bottle in and select the living Buddha to pray.

The child selected is the reincarnated child.

The reincarnation of the Dalai Lama will be specially nurtured.

Under the leadership of the Qing court

After the enthronement ceremony at the Potala Palace

He will formally inherit the position of the previous Dalai Lama.

(Golden Urn Drawing, the first of the 29 Articles of the Imperially Decreed Regulations for the Post-war Settlement of Tibet issued by the Qing Dynasty Central Government in 1793, was a system of drawing lots from the golden urn specifically formulated to prevent the malpractice of family members inheriting the throne during the reincarnation of living Buddhas. Image source: @Visual China)

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at the same time

The imperial power also entered the Potala Palace through the ritual system.

As early as the seventh Dalai Lama

The tablet of Emperor Kangxi is already enshrined in

Inside the Three Realms Hall of the Potala Palace

About the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama and Panchen Erdeni

Several important golden urn drawing activities

All of them are in the Three Realms Hall of the Potala Palace

Held in front of the portraits and tablets of the Qing Dynasty emperors

(The White House Gate of the Potala Palace, photographer @山风)

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The Qing government also sent a minister to Tibet

As the highest administrative chief of Tibet

Since then, the Minister in Tibet and the Dalai Lama

The system of jointly managing local government affairs in Tibet was formally established

The Potala Palace also became the seat of the Tibetan local government.

(The original Tibetan local government organizational system, after the Dalai Lama passed away and before the reincarnation of the soul boy was unable to take power, a regent was elected to replace the Dalai Lama to exercise the political and religious power of Tibet. Map by @冯艺卓/星球研究院)

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There were a large number of monks and officials in the Potala Palace.

They are responsible for the Dalai Lama's daily life and religious activities.

And manage the affairs of Tibet

Meetings to decide on important Tibetan affairs

Most of them are held in various halls of the Red Palace.

(Display of the distribution of the Red Palace Buddhist Hall and Sutra Hall, drawn by @谢统凯&@李天一&冯艺卓/Planetary Research Institute)

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There is also a monk school here

The monks trained will serve as disciples of the Dalai Lama

Sent to serve in local governments at all levels in Tibet

(Potala Palace Monk School, photographer @潘敏君)

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At the same time, there are a large number of lay officials

These lay officials were all from the Tibetan nobility.

The institution they belonged to was called the Kashag Government

To facilitate communication with the Dalai Lama

There is a Kashag office in the White House.

(Sketch of the interior space of the White House. The Kashag government was led by four Kalons, three of whom were laymen and one monk. The Jokhang Temple in Lhasa was once the seat of the Kashag government. Map by @谢统凯&李天一&冯艺卓/Planet Research Institute)

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also

There are also many administrative agencies here

Such as prisons, Tibetan army headquarters, etc.

(Schematic diagram of the building distribution at the foot of the Potala Palace, drawn by @Xie Tongkai & Li Tianyi & Feng Yizhuo/Planetary Research Institute)

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Since then

The Potala Palace is not only a place of pilgrimage for believers

He was also the Minister in Tibet, the Dalai Lama, and the Buddhist and secular officials.

A place for discussing political and religious affairs

(Sketch of the top floor of the White House, drawn by @谢统凯&李天一&冯艺卓/Planetary Research Institute)

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The Potala Palace, where sacredness and power coexist

Able to see Tibet more clearly

It belongs to God

But it may not be born in the hands of God

It can only be created by earthly forces

04

Earthly Power

The murals in the Potala Palace depict

Scenes of quarrying, stone transportation, water transportation, ironwork, etc.

Records the process of Tibetan people building this temple

It is surprising that such a complex behemoth

The main building was completed in just a few years.

Among them, the main construction of the White House took three years.

The main part of the Red Palace took two years and four months

This is in Tibet, where the natural environment is harsh.

Absolutely a miracle

(Schematic diagram of the composition of the Potala Palace, drawn by @谢统凯&李天一&冯艺卓/Planetary Research Institute)

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And create this miracle

Requires huge manpower support

People from all over Tibet

Unpaid labor in material mining and transportation

The Red Palace is the only building of the Potala Palace.

It would require tens of thousands of people to be dispatched

(The origin of the civilians who built the Potala Palace and the Red Palace, map by @吴昕恬/星球研究)

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In addition, the construction of the Potala Palace

More financial support is needed

Taking the Red Palace as an example, only the material and labor costs

The equivalent of silver is as high as 1.7 million taels

In old Tibet

Local fiscal revenue mainly comes from agriculture and animal husbandry

However, all the natural resources of Tibet are

The Kashag government, the nobility and the upper monks of the monasteries occupied

(Financial revenue of the Tibetan local government in 1792. Since a large part of the fiscal revenue of the Tibetan local government in the Qing Dynasty was in kind, the statistical data in the figure is only a rough estimate. Map by @冯艺卓/星球研究院)

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A large population of serfs without land

And the serfs themselves were also owned by the nobles or the monasteries.

They not only paid all kinds of goods and silver dollars for free

They also had to farm for free and perform hundreds of duties for free.

(Torture instruments used by serf owners during the feudal serfdom period in Tibet, image source: @Visual China)

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People living at the bottom of society

The only way to change your fate is to become a monk

Monks can learn knowledge and gain respect

No need to engage in heavy production labor

Monasteries under the Dalai Lama in the 18th century

There are 3,150 temples in total, with more than 340,000 monks.

More than 1/3 of the total population of Tibet at that time

(Sketch of the interior space of the monks' quarters in the Potala Palace. The above data are from "On the Theocracy in Tibet" and "The Changes and Characteristics of the Tibetan Population", drawn by @谢统凯&李天一&冯艺卓/星球研究院)

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Theocracy

Continue to condone the decadent feudal serfdom system

Before the Central Government implemented democratic reforms in Tibet in 1959

Millions of serfs could not escape the cruel system of personal slavery

The impressive figure of the Potala Palace

It also reveals deeper questions

For this land

Why does it have such a status?

Answer

Showing up on this land

(The Potala Palace facing the mountains, photographer @thomas看世界)

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Tibet

A land with an average altitude of more than 4000m

There are 5 snow peaks above 8000m.

More than 50 snow-capped peaks with an altitude of more than 7,000 meters

And countless mountain valleys

Snow-capped mountains, deep valleys, and biting cold winds

They are too steep, too deep, too sharp

(Himalayas, image source @NASA)

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Countless peaks

The surface was broken into pieces

Forming a huge, difficult-to-break space barrier

Establishing a unified regime in such an environment

It is undoubtedly difficult

(Please watch in horizontal mode, topographic map of Tibet, drawn by @吴昕恬/Planet Research Institute)

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The Tubo Dynasty was established in the 7th century AD

It was the first regime to unify the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

But it collapsed after more than 200 years.

Since then, secular lords on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

There is no way to unify this place

In the 13th century AD

Before Tibet was formally incorporated into the jurisdiction of the central dynasty

This place has experienced four hundred years of division and separatism.

Natural disasters, wars, social unrest, etc.

This directly caused a sharp decline in population

From the 7th to the 13th century AD

Tibet's population has dropped from 3.61 million to 640,000

(Please watch in horizontal mode, dark clouds are looming over Lhasa. The above data is from "The Changes and Characteristics of Tibet's Population", photographer @李珩)

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In the already cruel life of Gao Yuan

In a long-term divided environment

Religion offers generous promises to all

This shore is this life , full of pain and ugliness

The other side is the afterlife , a world full of beauty

The ideal me is not in this life, but in the next life.

(Please watch in horizontal mode. The Potala Palace under the sunlight is like a dream. Photographer: @万诱引力)

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Therefore, people believe in the profound meaning of reincarnation.

Life will forever revolve around the divine carrier

Pilgrimage around holy sites leads to a better afterlife

(Sutra wheel on the outer wall of the Potala Palace, photographer @李超)

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As a result, people believe that troubles come from themselves.

All stem from one's own stupidity, greed, and hatred

The reality of the serious illness continues to make people embark on this

The road that leads to liberation in the afterlife

(The long steps at the entrance of the Potala Palace, photographer @贾纪谦)

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then

The prayer wheel rotates round and round

Countless prayer wheels rotate spectacularly

The whole of Tibet is spinning together

(Rotating prayer wheels, photographer @张称心)

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The Potala Palace stands at the rotating center

It towers high in the sky

It's like a world beyond the shore

Its solid and huge body

Growing up in the dusty world of Tibet

It has touched the lives of countless people.

And you can get a better understanding of this land

(The hustle and bustle at the foot of the Potala Palace, photographer @城市穿梭客)

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“In China, there are two concepts of Tibet.

One is the Tibet of the people living in Tibet

Tibet is simple, powerful, and full of human joys and sorrows.

The other is Tibet for people far away from Tibet

Mysterious, remote... and of course romantic"

Gods and power surround the Potala Palace

Let it reach the highest point in Tibet

It clearly sees Tibet under the clouds

It sees these two Tibets at the same time

(The Potala Palace and the mountains behind it that step into the sky, the above is quoted from Alai's "Stairway to the Earth", photographer @陈剑峰)

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In 1951, Tibet was peacefully liberated

In 1959, Tibet implemented democratic reforms

Establishing the policy of "political unity, religious freedom, and separation of church and state"

The Potala Palace no longer serves as a political or religious institution and is gradually open to the public.

In 1961, the Potala Palace was listed as one of the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

In 1994, the Potala Palace was listed as a World Cultural Heritage

This article was created by

Written by: Ding Ding

Editor: Director

Image: Daytime sleep

Map: Wu Xintian

Design: Feng Yizhuo & Xie Tongkai & Li Tianyi

Proofreading: Lushumao & Li Chuyang & Song Nan

Expert review

Tibet Research Office, Institute of China Borderland Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

Associate Research Fellow Liu Jie

School of Ethnology and History, Yunnan Institute of Ethnic Studies, Yunnan University for Nationalities

Associate Professor Longzhu Dorje

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