Let's go to the "Nor" of Xilin Gol Grassland, enjoy the "Ula" and see the "Taolegai" →

"Xilingol" means a river in a hilly area or a river on a vast grassland in Mongolian. Xilingol League (abbreviated as Xilingol League) is located in the north of North China, China. It is the main part of the Inner Mongolia Plateau grassland. Its geographical coordinates range from 111°08′-120°07′ east longitude and 41°36′- 46°46′ north latitude. The total area of ​​the league is more than 200,000 square kilometers. The league is a unique administrative division unit in China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and its administrative status is the same as that of a prefecture-level city, region, and autonomous prefecture. Xilingol League extends to the west foot of the Greater Khingan Range in the east, the eastern section of the Yinshan Mountains in the south, and the Ulanqab Plateau in the southwest. The landform types in the territory are composed of plains, hills, terraces, basins, and sandy land. The altitude of most areas is 1,000-1,300 meters, most of the mountains in the south are above 1,500 meters, and the lowest altitude of the basin is about 800 meters. The terrain of the whole territory is high in the east and low in the west, high in the south and low in the north, and most areas are flat and open. Xilinguole League is crisscrossed with rivers and dotted with lakes. There are more than 1,300 lakes of various sizes in the league. The more famous ones include Hurichagan Nur ("Nur" means lake in Mongolian), Duolun Lake, Shangdu Lake, Ejin Nur Salt Lake and Darinor Lake. They are like pieces of azure jade naturally inlaid on the vast grassland.

Abaga Banner is located in the north-central part of Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (the banner is equivalent to a county-level administrative region), and is under the jurisdiction of Xilin Gol League. Abaga, which means "uncle" in Mongolian, was established as Abaga Banner in the Qing Dynasty and is still used today. It is also known as "Uncle Grassland". In summer, the Xilin Gol Grassland is like a green ocean, where you can enjoy the grassland scenery; in autumn, the horses gallop on the golden grassland, against the backdrop of the blue sky and floating white clouds, like a magnificent painting!

Xilin Gol Grassland in summer and autumn (left and middle pictures, pictures from the Internet) and Xilin Gol Grassland in the transition between autumn and winter (right picture, original picture)

Mentioning Xilin Gol League, the first thing that comes to people's mind is grassland, cattle and horses, sheep, yurts, and roasted whole lamb. But do you know? There are three volcanic areas of different sizes in the Xilin Gol League area, with more than 300 Quaternary volcanoes of different sizes and types, which are often collectively referred to as the Abaga Banner-Xilinhot Volcanic Group, or simply the Abaga Volcanic Group. From northwest to southeast, they can be divided into: Abaga Volcanic Area, Belike (Pasture) Volcanic Area and Darinor Volcanic Area. All these volcanoes are located in the west of the intersection of the western margin fault of the Songliao Basin and the Xilamulun fault. The volcanic eruption types are mainly central and overflow types. The volcanic rocks include basalt, basalt, alkali basalt, basaltic andesite and trachyte basalt. The types of xenolith rocks are mainly spinel lherzolite, harzburgite, dunite, olivine lherzolite and spinel monoclinic pyroxenite. Volcanic landforms include volcanic cones, craters and lava terraces. During the Cenozoic Era, due to regional tectonic movements, stress conversion and strong volcanic activity, hundreds of volcanic cones of various shapes and lava terraces covering tens of thousands of square kilometers were created in the volcanic area. Connected with the Chifeng volcanic group in the southeast of China and the Daringa volcanic group in the southwest of Mongolia, it forms a giant volcanic belt along the southeast-northwest direction, spanning a length of about 500 kilometers. It is one of the largest continental basalt provinces in Northeast Asia since the late Cenozoic. Compared with the large active volcano Etna in Italy that "blows smoke rings", the large active volcano Vesuvius that seems to be "sleeping" and the majestic and brilliant large active volcano Tianchi in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province, the Abaga volcanic group surrounded by vast grasslands, herds of cattle and sheep, numerous lakes and rich cultural and historical backgrounds is like a dream, like a fairyland, and has infinite scenery!

The volcanic cluster in the Darino area of ​​the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region shrouded in mist (top left, image source: Internet), the large active volcano Etna in Italy in the afternoon (top right, original image), the large active volcano Vesuvius in Italy under a clear sky (bottom left, original image), and the dreamy and tranquil large active volcano Tianchi in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province (bottom right, original image)

The dating results of basaltic lava in Xilin Gol League and Chifeng area in my country show that the activity of the Abaga volcanic group lasted mainly from the Oligocene to the Pleistocene. In March 2018, the distribution area of ​​the Abaga volcanic group became the Xilin Gol Grassland Volcanic Geopark (National Geopark), which contains 14 world geological relics, 15 national geological relics and 28 autonomous region-level geological relics. The northern edge of the Darinor volcanic area is the Belike Pasture. Due to volcanic activity, neotectonic movement, differential crustal uplift and regional erosion caused by the local special climate, the basaltic lava platform in the area presents a "flat-topped mountain" lava platform landform of different heights, which looks like the top of the mountain has been flattened by a knife.

Spatial distribution of some volcanoes in the Abaga area of ​​Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (from Jilin-1 Earth Observation Image)

Spatial distribution of some volcanoes in the Darinor area of ​​Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (from Jilin-1 Earth Observation Image)

The exposed area of ​​volcanic rocks in the Abaga volcanic area is about 6,300 square kilometers, with multiple lava terraces and more than 200 volcanic cones. Among them, the lava terraces are mostly located at an altitude of 1,100-1,400 meters, and the terraces at various levels are in steep contact. The volcanic cones are mostly located above the lava terraces. The volcanic area has Gesigyin Ula Volcano, Dubuxing Ula Volcano, Chelun Ula Volcano, Genghis Baogedu Mountain Volcano, Bayan Chagan Volcano, Changtuyin Aobao Volcano, Huretu Volcano, Bader Ula Volcano, Baladezhiyin Ula Volcano, Chulutu Volcano, Yihesirbung Ula Volcano and Chagan Tolgoi Volcano. Most of these volcanoes are horseshoe-shaped or square, with low cones. Among them, the word "Ula" usually refers to "mountain" or "mountain range" in Mongolian, and "Tolgoi" means "head" or "hill". Among these volcanoes, the Hot Ula volcano is the most representative. The volcano is well preserved and has a clear "double-wheel mountain" shape. The crater has a long axis diameter of about 2 kilometers, a short axis diameter of about 1.8 kilometers, and a depth of about 35 kilometers. The outer slope angle of the cone ranges from 15-25°, and the inner wall slope angle of the crater ranges from 10-15°. The plane shape of the volcano is nearly circular, with a cone diameter of about 4.5 kilometers. It is mainly composed of volcanic eruption debris and basaltic lava accumulated by base wave, landing, and splashing. The outer ring outline is a volcanic cone formed by the volcanic steam-magma eruption, which is composed of base wave deposits.

The most famous volcano in the Abaga volcanic area is the Genghis Bogedu Mountain, also known as the Holy Mountain of Genghis Khan. It is located about 45 kilometers northwest of Bayan Chagan Town, Abaga Banner, Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia. The altitude is about 1,303.2 meters and the relative height is about 208 meters. The volcanic cone is composed of basalt and was formed in the Pliocene of the Neogene. From a distance, from west to east, the outline of the northern slope of the volcano resembles the upward-facing head of Genghis Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty of China. The outlines of the forehead, eyebrows, eyes, nose, chin and beard are clearly visible, and the expression is lifelike, as if Genghis Khan is talking to the sky with his face up. According to historical experts, in 1211, Genghis Khan led the Mongolian army to the south to attack the Jin Dynasty. After winning the Battle of Yehuling, he chose this mountain to sacrifice to the people and named it Bogedu Mountain (meaning Holy Mountain), and later called Genghis Bogedu Mountain (meaning the Holy Mountain of Genghis Khan).

Genghis Bogdug Mountain Volcano (Photo from the Internet)

The Belike (ranch) volcanic area is located between the Abaga volcanic area and the Darinor volcanic area, and is the smallest of the three volcanic areas. The basalt lava terrace in the volcanic area starts from the south of Xilinhot City to the flat top mountain of the Belike Ranch. The exposed lava terrace in the volcanic area is the smallest, and no volcanic cones or pyroclastic rocks have been found. The lithology is mainly late Pliocene-early Pleistocene porphyrobasalt and a very small amount of alkaline basalt. More than 30 kilometers from the Xizhang Highway on National Highway 207, a row of flat top mountains with peculiar scenery stand tall on the flat grassland from a distance, with steep cliffs and the top of the mountain as flat as a knife. When watching the sunset on the flat top mountain, you can clearly observe the process of the sun slowly falling from the flat lava terrace into the embrace of the grassland, which is called "platform sunset" by the locals. As the sun sets, a touch of sunset glow dyes the sky, horizon, cattle and sheep returning home at dusk, and yurts with smoke curling up on the grassland, drawing a perfect grassland style painting!

The basaltic lava terrace landforms in the Belike Farm area of ​​Xilin Gol League in spring and summer (all pictures are from the Internet)

There are more than 100 volcanoes distributed in the Darinor volcanic area, including Khan Ula, Alatadoguitu, Arihanqige, Dugui Ula, Shejigengang, Pigeon Mountain, Jijigechagan Tolgoi, Wenggun Ula, Mogaxirong, Dajiguanshan, Bagasorong, Tuxigetunuru, Sifangshan and Matishan. The volcanic activity is large-scale and long-lasting, with a volcanic rock area of ​​more than 3,000 square kilometers. The volcanic area is named after the Darinor Lake in the southeast. Volcanic landforms include volcanic cones, fumaroles, craters and lava terraces. The volcanic cones vary in size, and their shapes include truncated cones, horseshoes and irregular shapes. The outer sides of some volcanic cones have developed typical "sheep tail grooves", the inner walls of the craters are steep, the vegetation is sparse, and some volcanic cones and the eruption materials inside the craters are well preserved. The rock types in the volcanic area are mainly basalt, basalt and basaltic pyroclastic rocks, and the ages of the exposed volcanic rocks are divided into two periods: the middle Miocene and the middle Pliocene to the Quaternary. The Pigeon Mountain volcanic structure is the most complete in the volcanic area, with less surface cover on the lava flow and preserved fumarole cones.

Pigeon Mountain Volcano (left), Tuxigtunuru Volcano (middle), Mogaxirong Volcano and Dajiguanshan Volcano (right) in summer (all pictures are from the Internet)

The Gezishan volcano is located in the southeast of Xilinhot City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It is a well-preserved volcano in the Abaga volcanic group. There are many craters around the volcano. The topography and landforms of the Gezishan volcano are very well preserved. The cone shape is intact. The superposition relationship between the landing cone, splash cone and crater is obvious. The edge of the volcanic cone is narrow and steep, and it has basically not been weathered. The lava overflow gap is clearly visible and still retains its original form. The entire volcanic cone and its internal materials have hardly been weathered and eroded. Except for the volcanic cone itself, the lava flow in the volcanic area is controlled by modern topography. The lava flows in the valleys and low-lying areas, and the flow structure on its surface is clear and complete. The jet cones in the lava flow are well preserved except for a few that have been destroyed by humans. The lava flow formed by the volcanic eruption covers the Holocene swamp deposits on the west side of Alduguiwula, indicating that the lava flow of this period is the product of Holocene volcanic activity. In the collapse pit on the east side of the Pigeon Mountain volcano, a section of the pyroclastic layer can be observed. The thickness of the pyroclastic material is 20-30 cm, covering the late Pleistocene loess layer, which is covered by the Holocene humus layer. Combined with the results of thermoluminescence dating, scientists believe that the pyroclastic layer of this period is the product of the early eruption of the Pigeon Mountain volcano (about 20,000 years ago), and that the late volcanic eruption of the Pigeon Mountain occurred in the Holocene.

The Horseshoe Mountain Volcano is the most famous volcano in the Darinor Volcanic Area. The volcano is adjacent to Keshiketeng Banner, Chifeng City, and is only more than 20 kilometers away from the northern shore of Darin Lake. The main body of the volcano is mainly composed of composite slag cones and lava spillovers. It was formed in the early Late Pleistocene. From a bird's-eye view, the overall outline of the volcano resembles a standard horseshoe shape. The spillover direction is about 130-140° and the width is more than 100 meters. The crater is relatively well preserved. The scenery of the Horseshoe Mountain Volcano is different throughout the year. It is not only a static painting, but also a symphony of changing colors!

Horseshoe Mountain Volcano in spring, summer, autumn and winter (all pictures are from the Internet)

The volcanic activity of the Abaga Banner-Xilinhot volcanic group (Abaga volcanic group) is controlled by basement faults, and there is a clear coupling between regional tectonic uplift and volcanic activity. The area where the volcanic group is located is located in the southern section of the Greater Khingan Range uplift belt, and the tectonic environment is dominated by compression uplift. Existing earthquake monitoring data in the volcanic area show that from 1970 to 2002, there were more than 2,300 recorded earthquakes in the Xilin Gol League area, the largest of which was a magnitude 5.6 earthquake that occurred in Abaga Banner on September 9, 1986. Among them, the earthquake distribution in the Xilinhot area is relatively dense and the magnitude is relatively high. A magnitude 5.2 earthquake occurred on January 29, 1999. From October 2008 to October 2024, more than 200 earthquakes occurred in the Abaga volcanic area, mainly micro-earthquakes, and occasionally felt earthquakes. More than 100 earthquakes of magnitude 2.0 or above were recorded, mainly tectonic earthquakes (data from the Volcanology Institute of the China Earthquake Administration, the Jilin Provincial Seismological Bureau, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau). At present, dozens of springs such as Budong Spring, Xiangquan Spring and Arshan Baolige Spring have been found in the distribution area of ​​the volcano group, and they continuously release gases such as H2O, CO2, Rn and N2. The results of regional geophysical exploration show that there are magma pockets in the crust about 20 kilometers from the bottom of the Abaga volcano group, and there is lithosphere delamination and local mantle material upwelling at the bottom of the volcanic area. The above evidence shows that the Abaga volcano group is still active today.

The Unfrozen Spring (first and second from left, pictures from the Internet) and the Xiang Spring (second from right, pictures from the Internet) in the Abaga Volcanic Area of ​​Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the Hot Spring in the Tianchi Volcanic Area of ​​Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province (first from right, pictures from the Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration)

The volcanic geological relics in the distribution area of ​​the Abaga volcano group are widely distributed, large in number and variety, and are typical, rare, natural and beautiful. In addition, the distribution area of ​​the volcano group and the adjacent areas are rich in important resources such as coal, rare metals, iron, tungsten, zinc, copper, lead, germanium, bismuth, tin, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, gold, silver, alkali, salt, and oil (data from the Institute of Volcanology of the China Earthquake Administration, the China Geological Survey, the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, and the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences), which makes the area have high scientific research, tourism economy and social value. The unique landscape formed by the rare volcanic geological landscape and the magnificent grassland scenery has high aesthetic and ornamental value. Compared with the various forms of the eruption products of the large active volcano Etna in Italy and the majestic and shocking eruption products of the large active volcano Tianchi in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province, the volcanic eruption products of the Abaga volcano group are like fireworks of nature, full of charm!

The volcanic bomb of Chelun Ula Volcano (top left, picture from the Internet), the basaltic lava of Pigeon Mountain Volcano (top left second, picture from the Internet), the basalt of Belike (Farm) Volcano Area (top right first, picture from the Internet), the basalt of Zhenzi Mountain Volcano (bottom left first, picture from the Internet), the cone floating rock of Tianchi Volcano in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province (bottom left second, original picture) and the basaltic lava of Mount Etna in Italy (bottom right first, original picture)

There are many rivers and lakes in the distribution area of ​​the Abaga volcanic group, and the groundwater resources are rich. The plateau lakes distributed in the area have fewer debris particles carried by rivers entering the lake, or are mainly large-grained gravel, which is easy to settle in the lake. In addition, the continuous accumulation of salt and the lower temperature inhibit the growth of microorganisms in the lake, so the lake water is often clear and pure. When sunlight shines into the lake, the longer wavelength red and yellow light are absorbed, and the shorter wavelength blue light is scattered. Therefore, most of the lakes on the Mongolian Plateau (including the plateau lakes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) we see are bright blue.

Darinor Lake in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (left, source: Internet), Gasikule Lake in Qinghai Province (center, original image) and Damxiong Co Salt Lake in Tibet Autonomous Region (right, original image)

The distribution area of ​​the volcano group has meadow grassland, typical grassland, sandy sparse forest grassland and river valley wetland ecosystems, and the wild animals, plants and fungi are diverse. Among them, the animal and plant resources are rich in species. As of 2005, it has been found that there are 198 species of birds in 17 orders, 42 families, 105 genera in the volcano area and its surrounding areas, including 37 resident birds, 126 summer migratory birds, 35 migratory birds and 1 winter migratory bird. In spring, the ice and snow on the prairie melt, and the beautiful lakes attract a large number of migratory birds to live here. Migratory birds such as white-naped cranes, swans and wild geese will play and forage in the water, and will also spread their wings and soar in the sky, forming a beautiful landscape! In midsummer, the wild flowers in the distribution area of ​​the volcano group bloom in a colorful way, decorating the prairie into a unique natural prairie volcano museum. So, when you go to the "Nor" of Xilin Gol Prairie, you must remember to see the magnificent "Ula" and the magical "Tolgoi" of the Abaga Volcano Group!

White-naped cranes (left) and swans (right) migrating in Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (all pictures from the Internet)

This issue of science popularization ends! Friends, see you next time!

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Author of this issue: Xu Zhitao, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Changbai Mountain Volcano National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau, PhD

Sun Liying, Assistant Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Ye Xiqing, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Changbai Mountain Volcano National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Engineer

Ren Fangyu, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau, Assistant Engineer

Zheng Guodong, Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Chen Chuang, Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Li Mengmeng, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Changbai Mountain Volcano National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Engineer

Song Yujia, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Changbai Mountain Volcano National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Assistant Engineer

Carolina B. Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy. PhD, University of Cambridge, UK

Zhang Hongyan, Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Zhao Chuntao, Assistant Researcher, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Jia Baojin, Senior Engineer, Arxan Volcano Seismic Observatory, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Bao Bao, Senior Engineer, Xiao'ershan Volcano Seismic Observatory, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Xi Wenya, Engineer at the Arxan Volcano Seismic Observatory, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau

Wei Lianhuan Associate Professor, School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University

Liu Guoming, Senior Engineer, Jilin Province Seismological Bureau, Changbai Mountain Volcano National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Jilin Province

Ventura G Senior Researcher, Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy

Sveva·R·M PhD, University of Florence, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Cristiano T Senior Researcher, Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy

Elisa T Senior Researcher, Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy

Christian B Senior Researcher, Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy

Lisa B Assistant Researcher, Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, Italy

Feng Jingqiao, Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Disaster Risk Prevention and Control Center, Jilin Seismological Bureau

Xu Yueren, Researcher at the Institute of Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration

Li Zhongwei, Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Disaster Risk Prevention and Control Center, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Jia Lin, Jilin Province Earthquake Disaster Risk Prevention and Control Center, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration Assistant Engineer

He Qi, Information Center, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Assistant Engineer, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration

Liu Bingyang, Assistant Engineer, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration Information Center, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration

Yang Lichen, Senior Engineer, Qinghai Seismological Bureau

Pablo R.P. Associate Professor, School of Earth Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain

Ailin P Assistant Researcher, National Commission on Space Activities of Argentina, National Scientific and Technological Research Council of Argentina

Roberto M PhD, University of Naples Federico II, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Salvotore G. Senior Researcher at the Etna Observatory in Catania, Italy

Jia Ruo, Postdoctoral Fellow, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

Zhang Peng, Engineer of Jilin Province Seismological Bureau, Songyuan Earthquake Monitoring Center Station, Jilin Province

Gu Guohui, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Changbai Mountain Volcano National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Engineer

Guan Sheng, Institute of Volcanology, China Earthquake Administration, Jilin Changbai Mountain Volcano National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Administration, Engineer

Zhang Xuan, Assistant Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Liu Bingbing, Senior Engineer, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau

Yan Hengqi, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau, Assistant Engineer

Guo Yan, Jilin Earthquake Station, Jilin Province Earthquake Bureau, Assistant Engineer

Arsène T.S. Senior Engineer, Goma Volcano Observatory, Democratic Republic of Congo

Yonggang Sun, Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China

Zhang Kun Postdoctoral fellow, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University

Yan Qinghe, Associate Professor, School of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University

Stefano C. Senior Researcher, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Zhang Xin Guangdong Provincial Earthquake Administration PhD, University of Science and Technology of China

Xu Zhikai, Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Zhu Kai, Assistant Researcher, Guiyang Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Liu Chaoyang Postdoctoral Fellow, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Zhang Sen, Postdoctoral Fellow, College of Geological Engineering and Surveying, Chang'an University

Zhang Yong, Researcher at the Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

Gu Alei, Senior Engineer, Tianjin Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey

Francesco L Senior Engineer, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

Aldo B Senior Engineer, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy

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