Snow leopard, why is it the king of the snow mountains?

October 23, 2021

World Snow Leopard Day · Special Production

Did you know?

China is a Snow Leopard Country

Of the nearly 8,000 snow leopards in the world,

More than half live in China

(The number of snow leopards varies in different statistics. The one here is based on the latest assessment results of IUCN. Some scholars also believe that the number of snow leopards is higher; a female snow leopard in the nursing period sticks her head out of a cave, Angsai, Qinghai, photographer @熙志农/野性中国)

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snow leopard

(Panthera uncia)

It is the majestic king of the mountains

(The King Descends the Mountain, Qinghai, Photographer @彭建生)

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A cute wilderness elf

(A baby snow leopard under the careful care of its mother, Angsai, Qinghai, photographer @熙志农/Wild China)

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Still a cute big plush cat

(“Come and play with your eyes wide open!”, Jizha, Qinghai, photographer @更求曲朋/野性中国)

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When we understand its scientific

More and more

We are also becoming more and more aware of

Snow leopards are so amazing

tomorrow

It's World Snow Leopard Day

Let us look at each other for thousands of years

Learn more about the legendary story of the snow leopard

Get to know this person again

King of the Snow Mountain

01

Parting ways

now

Snow leopard vs tiger, lion, leopard and jaguar

Panthera

Leopard

Together they are affectionately called

Big Cats

(The "Five Tigers" of the Panthera genus, image source: @谢建国/Natural Image China, Li Jia, Visual China, Jia Jiqian, Visual China)

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The five Panthera tigers are all famous

King of the forest, King of the grassland, King of the snow mountain

The same kingly temperament originated from about 11 million years ago

The same ancestor

Fake cat

(Pseudaelurus spp.)

(Species of the genus Pseudocyptia lived in Eurasia and the Americas between 20 and 8 million years ago. According to fossil records, it is generally believed that they are the ancestors of all living cats (Felidae). Compared with modern cats, Pseudocyptia has the morphological characteristics of "long body and short legs". Map by @杨宁/星球研究院)

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The fake cat family was undergoing expansion at that time

One group of them is in the western Himalayas

Zhada Basin

Settle down and thrive

(The Zhada Basin in the Himalayas is where the earliest fossils of Panthera species were discovered, so the area is also generally considered to be the origin of Panthera species. Map by @Zheng Yi/Planet Research Institute)

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At this moment, under their feet

The Himalayas are rising faster

Unconsciously, it has become a natural barrier between the east and the west.

Blocked the communication with the outside world

Geographical isolation

(The towering Himalayas are an insurmountable natural barrier for the terrestrial animals living there, Mount Nanga Bawa, photographer @李珩)

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Fake cat isolated here

Drifting away from fellow countrymen

Gradually evolved into a unique type of cat

Panthera

(Panthera spp.)

(A leopard in Africa looks exactly like your cat when it stretches. Image source: Visual China)

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About 8 million years ago

The Zada ​​Basin began to become cold and dry

The forests here have become sparse, and shrubs have appeared in large numbers.

The original subtropical forest environment is gradually disappearing

(Transitional environment from forest to meadow, Jianziwan Mountain in Hengduan Mountains, photographer @熊可)

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Under the constant pressure of the environment

Disagreements began to arise within the Panthera genus

The common ancestor of snow leopards and tigers was the first to establish its own lineage

Separated from the extended family

Started to evolve independently

(A Siberian tiger in the forest of the Siberian Tiger Conservation Base, Siberian Tiger National Park, photographer @雷雨)

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Although the relationship between snow leopards and tigers is the closest

But they still couldn't make it to the end together

After a relationship lasting about 2 million years

Finally parted ways

(Schematic diagram of the evolutionary relationship of the Panthera genus, which also includes the clouded leopard of the genus Clouded Leopard and related extinct species; there is still controversy about the affiliation of the snow leopard. Based on the structure of the snow leopard's hyoid bone, some scholars believe that the snow leopard should be a separate genus, but based on the research results of mitochondrial and nuclear genes, the academic community generally classifies the snow leopard into the Panthera genus. However, there are still differences within the Panthera genus. Based on different genetic data, some scholars believe that the snow leopard is most closely related to the tiger, while others believe that it is most closely related to the lion. Map by @龙雁羽/星球研究院)

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About 4 million years ago

Snow leopard ancestors bid farewell to their brothers

A good time of plenty and plenty of food and clothing

at this time

The Himalayas are over 4000 meters above sea level

Obvious vertical zoning of vegetation has emerged

The Zhada Basin is just at the tree line height.

Lakes, forests, grasslands, gravel beaches

A place where multiple ecosystems meet

It breeds an exceptionally rich fauna

There are Zada ​​three-toed horses that are good at running on the grass

The Himalayan Sheep

There are cold-resistant Tibetan woolly rhinos in the snow

Chiu's fox, the ancestor of the Arctic fox, is found near the bush.

(Schematic diagram of the restoration of the ecological landscape of the Zada ​​Basin in the Pliocene epoch four to five million years ago, drawn by @Yang Ning/Planetary Research Institute)

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And standing at the top of the food chain here

Rule this land

It is the ancestor of the snow leopard

Panthera pardus

(Panthera blytheae)

(The skull fossil of Panthera buergeri discovered in the Zhada Basin in 2010 is also the holotype specimen of Panthera buergeri. Later studies found that among the living Panthera species, it has the closest genetic relationship with the snow leopard. Image source: @Mauricio& Zeng Zhijie)

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About 2.6 million years ago

Great changes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Under the dual effects of altitude and monsoon

The Quaternary Ice Age quietly began

The polar environment of the plateau is beginning to emerge

(The glacial polar environment of the sacred mountain Dong Nianqing Sap in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, photographer @李珩)

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Animals such as the Zada ​​Hipparion that cannot tolerate severe cold

They were eliminated by the harsh environment

The ancestors of the snow leopard successfully took root here

They have

From head to toe, from outside to inside

Perfect Armor

02

Rooted in the Plateau

To cope with the cold and oxygen-deficient environment

Snow leopard ancestors evolved many unique traits

It has also become the unique secret recipe for snow leopards to take root in the plateau.

(“Look at me, it’s time to show your real skills!”, Tibet, photographer @林根火/自然影像中国)

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The first move of the unique secret technique

“Immune to cold”

To combat the cold environment

Snow Leopards Arm Themselves Externally

In terms of body shape

Snow leopards have a reputation among big cats

The smallest head

The smallest ears

The shortest and thickest limbs

This helps it in cold environments

Reduce heat dissipation

(The skull size comparison of big cats, small heads and ears, etc., conforms to Allen's Law in ecology, which states that "homeothermic animals living in cold areas tend to have shorter protruding parts of their body surface (such as limbs and ears), which helps prevent heat loss." Map by @杨宁/星球研究院)

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Hair

Snow leopards have the largest

Longest and densest body hair

The belly hair in winter is up to 12 cm long

The average density is about 4000 strands/cm²

You know, the hair we worry about every day

The density is only 200-300 strands/cm²

(Snow leopards have thick fur, and the hair on their abdomen is the longest of all parts of their body. Sanjiangyuan National Park. Photographer: @李婷婷)

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On feet

Snow leopards have unusually wide paws

There are long hairs between the pads on the soles of the feet

Like a pair of natural snowshoes

Walking steadily on icy and snowy roads

(Note the snow leopard's wide paws. Aren't they inexplicably cute? Image source: Visual China)

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On the tail

The snow leopard's tail is almost as long as its body.

The thick tail can also be used as a warm neckband when sleeping.

It is also a good balance tool when flying over eaves and walls.

(The snow leopard's tail is so large that it is even a bit cumbersome. People have recorded snow leopards holding their tails in their mouths. One speculation is that this is to reduce the inconvenience caused by the oversized tail when wading, just like you hold up your pants when crossing a river. There are also speculations that this is a stress response under tension. Image source: @Visual China)

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To cope with the hypoxic environment

Snow Leopards Arm Themselves from Within

In the nose

The top of the snow leopard's skull is ridged

Make the nasal cavity space very wide

This helps to warm and humidify the cool air you breathe in.

Increase the amount of air you inhale each time

Get more oxygen

(Snow leopards facing each other head-on, photographer @谢建国/Natural Image China)

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In the blood

Research Findings

Snow leopards have small and dense blood cells

This can effectively increase blood oxygen concentration

Coping with the hypoxic environment of the plateau

(A family of snow leopards in a high-altitude environment, Angsai, Qinghai, photographer @Bao Yongqing)

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The second method of the unique secret technique

"Extraordinary skills"

Due to the poor living environment

Prey resources are very limited

Snow leopards have developed extraordinary skills

Big Mouth

The snow leopard's upper and lower jaws can open up to 70 degrees.

This is the largest opening among Panthera species.

It helps it hunt animals with thick necks.

Prey such as blue sheep and ibex

(A blue sheep with a thick neck, Ali, Tibet, photographer @丁丁)

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Fangs

Snow leopard canines

Thinner and rounder than other Panthera species.

This helps it to exert force in all directions

Make it in complex hillside bare rock environment

Hunt your prey as quickly as possible

Reduce the risk and cost of hunting

(The snow leopard opens its bloody mouth. Image source: Visual China)

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Camouflage

Snow leopards have light grey or khaki fur.

Decorated with dark patches of different sizes

Very similar to the surrounding bare rock environment

An ideal camouflage color

(There are 3 snow leopards in the picture. Can you find them? You can click on the picture to find them. Angsai, Qinghai. Photo @次丁/野性中国)

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flexibility

Snow leopards have flexible spines and strong limbs

Excellent burst, acceleration, quick turn and jumping abilities

The maximum span of a single jump can reach 14 meters

Far surpassing the human long jump world record of 8.95 meters

It can also kill prey three times its own weight.

A veritable apex predator

(A snow leopard running at lightning speed on the hillside, Angsai, Qinghai, photographer @更求曲朋/野性中国)

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However

Although the snow leopard is extraordinary

But the world is so cold

Hunger is still inevitable

Fortunately, snow leopards are big and small.

From big blue sheep and wild donkeys to small marmots and pikas

All in the Snow Leopard's Diet

What’s even more interesting is

Researchers have found evidence of a link between the scat of snow leopards and

We also discovered many plants

(A snow leopard is eating a yak, Sanjiangyuan National Park, photographer @李婷婷)

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The third method of the unique secret technique

"Wordless Book"

According to current research

Snow leopards are not in estrus or raising cubs.

Most of the time I am alone

Communication becomes a problem

(Snow Mountain Lone Ranger, Kangma, Tibet, photographer @米藏达哇)

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Depending on the environment

Its home range area ranges from tens to thousands of square kilometers.

A 2015 study in Mongolia showed

A female snow leopard's home range can be up to 124 square kilometers.

The male snow leopard is even larger, about 207 square kilometers.

Almost equivalent to the area within Beijing's Fourth Ring Road

(Snow leopard home range diagram, drawn by @Zheng Yi/Planet Research Institute)

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but

Such a large home area

It also means "I live at the head of the Yangtze River, and you live at the tail of the Yangtze River"

Snow leopard in estrus

How to find a partner?

In the mountainous areas of Central Asia where “the land is vast and leopards are sparsely populated”

It's not wise to rely on shouting alone

For this purpose, Snow Leopard explored a set of wordless heavenly books

Content includes planer marks, claw marks, smells, etc.

It leaves the above-mentioned signs at appropriate locations along the way

Let those who come after you interpret these marks

Know your location, identity, etc.

Avoid unnecessary encounters

Maintained necessary contact

Killing two birds with one stone

(A lonely snow leopard patrolling the mountains, Sanjiangyuan National Park, photographer @张强)

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that's all

Immune to cold, extraordinary skills, wordless book

Under the protection of these three secrets

Snow leopards successfully take root in the harsh plateau

after

A major climate change

Allowing snow leopards to move towards a wider world

03

Traveling around

About 1.7 million years ago

Temperature drops sharply

Ice sheets and glaciers are expanding

The surrounding areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have also seen

Polar environment

(Gangbu Glacier, a huge glacier stretching endlessly on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, photographer @李珩)

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This is a cold-resistant animal

Creates excellent expansion opportunities

The first to seize the opportunity are usually herbivores.

Blue sheep, Himalayan Tahr

Markhor, Ibex

The wild sheep army is representative

They are the main prey of snow leopards.

Usually for hunting convenience

Snow leopards will follow the herds of wild sheep

And this time it will not fall.

(A herd of blue sheep in the Himalayas, image source: Visual China)

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on the other hand

The need for huge "private space"

Force young snow leopards to constantly explore new territories

This also indirectly contributed to the spread of snow leopards

Against the backdrop of the Ice Age

Driven by both prey and territory

Snow leopards leave the Zada ​​Basin where their ancestors lived

Conquering hills one after another

Gradually formed the current distribution pattern

(Diagram of the current distribution range of snow leopards, drawn by @Zheng Yi/Planet Research Institute)

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Snow Leopard Today

Distributed in mountainous areas with an altitude of 500 to 5800 meters

The possible distribution area exceeds 3 million square kilometers

This is equivalent to 1/3 of China's land area.

Distribution area spans

China, Mongolia, Russia

Kyrgyzstan, India, Pakistan

Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan

Nepal, Uzbekistan, Bhutan

12 countries in total

("I am a silent stone!", Jizha, Qinghai, photographer @Ciding/Wild China)

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China Today

Borders 10 of these countries

China's distribution area is in the center of the world's distribution area

60% of the global distribution area

These distribution areas are concentrated in my country

Western regions such as Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai and Gansu

It is no exaggeration to say

As long as you are in the vast western part of China

In all likelihood, you have entered the territory of the snow leopard.

Not only that

Statistics from the World Conservation Union (IUCN) in 2016

There are approximately 7,446-7,996 snow leopards in the wild worldwide.

More than half of the snow leopards live in China.

(Comparison of snow leopard distribution area and number in various countries, map by @郑艺/Planet Research Institute)

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It can be seen from this

Whether

Geographic location, distribution area or population size

China deserves it

Snow Leopard Country

04

Snow Leopard Country

As a country of snow leopards

Our relationship with snow leopards is of course long-standing.

Snow leopards have witnessed the rise of Chinese civilization

Birth, development, until today

Even before the birth of Chinese civilization

The snow leopard's heroic appearance appeared

Tian Shan, Karakoram and Himalayas

In the rock paintings

(There is an animal in the rock painting with round spots and a long tail. Compared with local animals, it is speculated that this is very likely a snow leopard. Map by @杨宁/Planetary Research Institute)

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The Beginning of China

Snow leopards are likely to become

"Zou Yu" in the Book of Songs

"Meng Ji" in "Classic of Mountains and Seas"

It turns into an auspicious beast

Accept the respect of ancestors

(In 1991, Zhou Shiqi of Renmin University of China compared Mengji's shape, fur color, habitat, habits and origin with today's snow leopards and verified that Mengji should be a snow leopard. Map by Yang Ning/Planetary Research Institute)

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Ming and Qing Dynasties

Snow leopards are called

"Artemisia argyi leopard" in Compendium of Materia Medica

People gradually realized that it was just a kind of leopard

So it began to fall from the altar

Snow leopards are captured and used in large numbers to make

Leopard fur, leopard ornaments, leopard meat, leopard fetus

Leopard seats, leopard pillows, and leopard tail cars

(In Mongolia, snow leopard fur decorations were often seen in residential buildings in the past. Image source: Visual China)

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Early Republic of China

In the Encyclopedia of Zoology

It was first known as the Snow Leopard

(Although snow leopards are named after "snow", their living environment is more like rocks and meadows, rather than white snowfields, Aksu, Xinjiang, photographer @吕凤晓)

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Demand is high, supply is keeping up

The resulting poaching

Still rampant

2016

TRAFFIC, an international wildlife trade monitoring organization

Since 2008, the world

At least four snow leopards are killed every week.

(The fur of snow leopards is the target of hunters, picture source @Visual China)

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Not only that

Climate warming and human activities

Making life even worse for snow leopards

on the one hand

Snow Leopard Habitat

Rapidly declining due to human activities such as grazing

Making food in the snow leopard's original home range even more scarce

Human settlements with herds of cattle and sheep have become a new option

This caused a big trouble

Human-animal conflict

(In recent years, snow leopards have been increasingly active near human settlements, Angsai, Qinghai, photographer @次丁/野性中国)

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on the other hand

Warming climate poses threat to snow leopards

New Contenders

Since 2015

People gradually moved to Sichuan, Qinghai and other regions

The snow leopard and the leopard were accidentally captured in the same frame

(On a ridge in Angsai, Qinghai, an infrared camera captured snow leopards and leopards appearing in the same place one after another. Image source: @山水自然保护中心)

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Only in the 20th century

The distribution area of ​​snow leopards in my country has decreased by 42%.

In the first half of the 20th century,

Central Plains area

Snow leopards have also been spotted

(A diagram showing the changes in the distribution of snow leopards in my country over the past century. It should be noted that many experts now believe that the snow leopard records in the Northeast are likely to be a misjudgment of the Far Eastern leopard and are not accurate, so please refer to the results presented in this diagram with caution. Map by @郑艺/星球研究院)

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Snow leopards are facing threats to their survival

Snow Leopard Country, Take Action Now

1984~1986

American zoologist

George B. Schaller

The first scientific study of snow leopards in my country

Subsequently, Chinese scholars also carried out research

(In 2015, Dr. George Schaller conducted a snow leopard survey in Ganzi, Sichuan. He was once named "one of the three most outstanding wildlife researchers in the world" by Time magazine in New York, the other two being Darwin and Wallace, who proposed the theory of "natural selection" at the same time as him. Image source: @Shanshui Nature Conservation Center)

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After 2008

A large number of government and private snow leopard protection organizations have emerged in China.

Beijing Forestry University Team, Peking University Team,

The team of Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,

Shanshui Nature Conservation Center, Mount Everest Snow Leopard Conservation Center

China Cat Protection Alliance (Cat Alliance)

Wild Xinjiang, Green Rivers

......

They each guard one side and are connected to each other

Building a protection network for China's snow leopards

(Today, there are many snow leopard protection organizations in China working hard to protect this beautiful big cat. Photographer: Shen Zhijun, map by Yang Ning/Planet Research Institute)

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To protect snow leopards

They traveled through mountains and rivers, trying every possible means

(The herders on the front line are trained to become wildlife photographers, using their images to influence the public and protect animals. From left to right, they are Dajie, Gengqiu Qupeng, and Ciding. Their works are mentioned in the previous article. Photographer @柯炫辉/野性中国)

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Protecting Snow Leopards

More than just protecting a rare big cat

It is also a vast and beautiful land that protects the snow leopards.

And all the living creatures on this land

This is also the mission of the snow leopard as a flagship species

(Sanjiangyuan National Park, officially established in October 2021, is the main habitat of snow leopards, Sanjiangyuan National Park, photographer @彭建生)

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2017

Snow leopard removed from endangered species list by IUCN

As of 2018

There are 26 nature reserves in the country

Protected approximately 22% of snow leopard habitat

(Distribution diagram of the current snow leopard distribution areas and national nature reserves in China, drawn by @郑艺/Planet Research Institute)

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China Today

It is not only a country with vast land and abundant resources, but also a country with snow leopards.

It has also become a snow leopard country with a heavy responsibility

Looking back

Snow leopard passing through

The mountains and rivers are different, the situation changes dramatically, and human catastrophe

Come before us

It has gone through separation, hardship and wandering

On the verge of despair again and again, but always out of danger

With strong vitality

It fights against nature alone

Became a true son of the Snow Mountain

("I, Snow Leopard" is a long poem written by Ji Dimaga, a well-known Yi poet in my country, for Dr. George Schaller, an internationally renowned snow leopard expert)

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"I am the true son of Xueshan

Watching loneliness, crossing all time and space"

This land used to be

Shaped the unique appearance of the snow leopard

Snow leopards can now roam freely in this land

The river is no longer a ruthless flow

The mountains are no longer silent stones

It is an everlasting wilderness

It is a thriving snow leopard country

(A snow leopard in the snow, staring into the distance, is it reminiscing about the past or looking forward to the future? Image source: Visual China)

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This article was created by

Written by: Zuokou

Image: Pan Chenxia

Map: Zhengyi

Design: Yang Ning, Long Yanling

Header image source: Visual China

Reviewers: Director, Quasimodo by the River, Ding Hao, Chen Zhihao

Expert reviewers: Xiao Lingyun, Lian Xinming

Special thanks to: Shanshui Conservation Center, Wild China, Natural Image China

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