For three hundred years, all things have been surging: this is Chang'an!

742 AD

Li Bai left for Chang'an

This time he was ordered to enter the government

He is over 40 and has wasted half his life.

Now I finally raise my eyebrows

Throw down a sentence

"I laughed out loud at the sky, I am not a common person"

Chang'an in that year

Just like Li Bai that year

It's the highlight of my life

Endless wine, endless treasures

Endless poems to sing and endless beautiful scenery to appreciate

It was one of the few super cities in the world at that time.

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the life of Chang'an City in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the above is from Li Bai's "Nanling Bids Goodbye to Children Entering the Capital", map by @Du Rui & Gao Liqian/Planet Research Institute)

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The prosperity of Chang'an seems to have penetrated time

Howling from thousands of years ago

Stirring up the dreams of people thousands of years later

Why did Chang'an shock the world at that time?

Why is it unforgettable?

I think

That is the majestic order of the capital

The endless flow of order

Interweaving Chang'an

Weaving a city of dreams

01

The long rise

Chang'an is located in Guanzhong

Qinling Mountains in the south and Loess Plateau in the north

The two merged in the west

Guarded by layers of barriers

It can be said

"Block three sides and defend, and use one side to control the princes in the east"

Not only that

It is unique in its connection to cultural areas.

To the west, you can connect to the Western Regions via the Hexi Corridor

Going east, you can go through Hangu Pass and Tongguan and enter the Central Plains

Going north, you can reach the Mongolian Plateau via the Loess Plateau

Go south and cross the Qinling Mountains to reach Bashu

So here you can connect to all directions

You can also defend one side

It can be said that it has a unique location advantage

(Please watch in horizontal screen, the geographical location diagram of Guanzhong Plain, the above is from "Records of the Grand Historian: Biography of Liu Hou", drawn by @Gao Liqian & Chen Zhihao & Zhipeng & Du Rui/Planetary Research Institute)

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also

The Wei River, the largest tributary of the Yellow River

Across Guanzhong

Together with the seven adjacent rivers

Completely surround Chang'an

Known as "Eight Rivers Surrounding Chang'an"

The river water nourishes the fertile fields

The mountains serve as a defense, but they are not isolated.

Therefore, for thousands of years

This land has a unique geographical environment

Attracted many dynasties to establish their capitals here

(Sketch of the changes in the ancient capital of Guanzhong, drawn by @高麗倩&陈志浩&杜睿/Planet Research Institute)

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The Han Dynasty established its capital at Chang'an

Founding of Han Chang'an City

The word "Chang'an" was officially introduced to the historical stage

South of Chang'an

The lush Qinling Mountains

Provided abundant wood for city construction

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the lush Qinling Mountains, photographer @射虎)

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This capital city has a unique look

Its plane is tortuous

Shaped like the Northern and Southern Dipper

Hence the nickname " Doucheng "

(Schematic diagram of the "Doucheng" in Chang'an during the Han Dynasty, drawn by @Zhipeng/Planet Research Institute)

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Han Chang'an was once prosperous

But the sun finally sets

Wang Mang’s dictatorship and the rise of rebel forces

You finish your song, I will take the stage

Each party wants to take this precious land into their pockets.

But no one could save Chang'an from the water and fire.

Chang'an at this time

Smoke of war rose everywhere, and starving people were everywhere

The Feng Shui treasure land has become devastated

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the ruins of Weiyang Palace in Chang'an, Han Dynasty, photographer @勾炳宸, map @杜睿/星球研究院)

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after

The Eastern Han Dynasty brought a rare respite to Chang'an

Although Chang'an was not the political center at that time,

But still relying on the excellent geographical location

Became a commercial link

A brief period of prosperity

(Gold Cake from the Han Dynasty, Photographer @李文博)

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However

With the decline of the Eastern Han Dynasty

The flames of war once again ignited this land

Dong Zhuo's Rebellion dealt a fatal blow to Chang'an

His troops burned, killed and looted everywhere.

There was even cannibalism.

Chang'an at that time

"There is nothing to see when you go out, only bones covering the plain"

The subsequent Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Chang'an continued to fall into chaos

(The above is from Wang Can's "Three Seven Sad Poems, No. 1", and the figure below is a schematic diagram of the sharp decline in population during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, drawn by @Du Rui/Planetary Research Institute)

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Chang'an struggles in the whirlpool of history

A restoration of order is urgently needed

02

Order of the Royal Capital

Sui Dynasty

The chaos in the Central Plains finally ended

But the foundation is not stable at this time

A capital city is needed to restore order

The former Han Chang'an City had been through war and was unable to take on the responsibility.

Then build a new city

The new city must be large enough

Big enough to dominate

①

Unprecedented scale

After the construction of the Sui and Tang dynasties

This new city

With an area of ​​84 square kilometers

It became the largest capital city in the world at that time.

It is 2.3 times the size of Chang'an City in the former Han Dynasty

It is 1.4 times the size of Beijing in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

It is 1.86 times the size of Luoyang City during the Sui and Tang dynasties.

(A comparison of the Tang Chang'an City and its area. The Daming Palace in the northeast corner was built during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang and completed during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. Map by @志鹏/星球研究院)

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The neat and tidy city of Chang'an

The palace, the imperial city, and the outer city are layered on top of each other.

Six streets closely connect it as one

It was called " Sixth Street "

(Sketch of the Six Streets of Chang'an City, drawn by @Zhipeng/Planet Research Institute)

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The size of the Six Streets is unimaginable

Especially the Zhuquemen Street in the middle of the North-South Street

About 150 meters wide

Can accommodate more than 100 horses

Known as " Heavenly Street "

(Sketch of the width of Zhuquemen Street, drawn by @Zhipeng/Planet Research Institute)

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Chang'an City not only has wide streets

The emperor's palace is even more magnificent

Daming Palace in the northeast corner

Covers an area of ​​3.3 square kilometers

4.7 times the size of the Forbidden City in Beijing

(Miniature landscape in Daming Palace National Heritage Park, photographer @李文博, map @杜睿/Planet Research Institute)

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The main hall, Hanyuan Hall, has a base of 15.6 meters.

Under your feet is the winding Longwei Road

Bai Juyi exclaimed at its majestic grandeur

Makes people as small as wild geese

"Two dragons facing each other in the twin palaces, a thousand officials and geese in one line"

It is here

Witnessed the prosperous Tang Dynasty when all nations came to pay tribute

"The gates of the palace are opened, and people from all over the world pay homage to the emperor."

(Please watch in horizontal mode, a diagram of the Hanyuan Hall, the above is from Bai Juyi's "Early Court" & Wang Wei's "An Essay on the Early Court of the Daming Palace with Jia Sheren", drawn by @Zhipeng/Planetary Research Institute)

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Unprecedented scale alone is not enough

To have order that governs everything

Strict laws are needed

②

Strict laws

11 north-south streets in the city

14 East-West Streets

Intertwined and encircled

More than 100 lifang

The wall of the Lifang is about 3 meters thick

There are also streets in the block.

Layer by layer segmentation and nesting

Bai Juyi vividly described it as

"Hundreds of thousands of houses are like a Go board, and the twelve streets are like vegetable plots"

People of different social classes in Chang'an

All are "stored" in a square

Independent and easy to manage

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the model of Chang'an City Lane in Xi'an Museum, the above is from Bai Juyi's "Looking at the City from Guanyin Terrace", photographer @李文博, map @杜睿/Planet Research Institute)

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Whenever dusk approaches

Drums sounded in Chang'an City

Drum as a command

The city gates and town gates were closed one after another

The wide streets are empty.

Both residents and officials

No one dares to break the ban

(Danfeng Gate and Xi'an City, photographer @冯生)

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If you are still walking on the street

That is " Night Crime "

They could be arrested, whipped, or even beaten to death.

When the morning drum beats

All the doors of the shops are open

Everything is back to life again

In addition, each gate of Chang'an City cannot be entered at will.

Undocumented entrants

Will be different according to the level of the city gate

Punished to varying degrees

The severity of the punishment also varies according to the person's status.

Numerous legal codes

Managing a huge city

Guarding the safety of the emperor

(The picture below is a Qing Dynasty engraved version of "Tang Law Commentary". "Tang Law Commentary" is a compilation of Tang Dynasty laws and their annotations. It is also the most complete Tang Dynasty law in China. Photographer @Qin Nan/Planet Research Institute)

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The invisible laws and the visible city together

Let Chang'an City operate in an orderly manner

But scale and law

It is still impossible to restore the order in the rulers' minds.

He needs to make people feel the emperor in every corner.

Supreme Authority

③

Supreme Authority

then

Authority permeates every stage of urban design

Blending into the city

The north of Chang'an City is located on Longshouyuan

The undulating terrain forms six high slopes

It is called " Six Slopes "

These six high hills

This corresponds exactly to the Qian Gua in the Book of Changes.

Represents the sky in heaven and earth, and the yang in yin and yang

It is the most suitable place for an emperor to live.

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the current Longshouyuan and Daming Palace, photographer @李文博)

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The Taiji Palace corresponds to the Ziwei Palace in the sky

The government offices and neighborhoods are like a cluster of stars.

Depart from Taiji Hall in the center of Taiji Palace

Go south all the way to the Circular Mound of the Temple of Heaven

The city's central axis coincides with the meridian in the sky

Chang'an City has become the capital of heaven and earth

It is for the purpose of setting up a capital

(Sketch of Chang'an City "Embodiment in the Sky", drawn by @志鹏&杜睿/Planet Research Institute)

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This axis

In a visible form

Connecting the Son of Heaven with the Heaven

Show the world

The Emperor is above all things

Rule the world order

(The Circular Mound Site of the Temple of Heaven in the Tang Dynasty was the altar where the emperor offered sacrifices to heaven. Photographer: @李文博&王警)

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Except the Temple of Heaven

There are many ceremonial buildings in and around Chang'an City.

The abstract order

The concrete forms have become the city's altars, temples, and Taoist temples.

Gods and Buddhas decorate Chang'an

Theocracy supports royal power

Ceremonial buildings spread throughout the city to represent the emperor's authority

(Sketch of ceremonial buildings in Chang'an City, drawn by @Zhipeng/Planet Research Institute)

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Unprecedented scale, strict laws, supreme authority

Together they constituted the order of the royal capital of Chang'an

But order is not limited to Chang'an

In a larger perspective, order is also being rebuilt

The fertile land of Guanzhong

Can no longer meet Changan's growing needs

The emperor's eyes turned to the farther south.

(Please watch in horizontal mode, Weihe Plain at the northern foot of Qinling Mountains, photographer @射虎)

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The surging Wei River in the past

It has gradually failed to bring long-term development to Changan

Chang'an's waterways are in urgent need of upgrading

The Grand Canal came into being

This transportation network runs through China from north to south.

for a long time

It plays the role of the national economic artery

(Schematic diagram of the Grand Canal in the Sui Dynasty, drawn by @Gao Liqian & Chen Zhihao/Planet Research Institute)

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Expand your vision

The dynasty relied on its strong military strength

Pushing back border threats step by step

Expand the empire , expand it

Order breaks through Chang'an and radiates to all directions

(Diagram of the territory of the Tang Dynasty, drawn by @Gao Liqian/Planet Research Institute)

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However

Just a static, orderly order

It is not enough to support Changan to the top of the world

The real charm of Changan lies in its continuous vitality

Behind the order is a Chang'an where everything flows

03

Everything flows

With the rush of canal water

Food from both the north and the south flowed into the capital

The country's natural treasures also followed

Water transport not only brought food

It also brought business opportunities to merchants along the way.

They live on the boat

Wander along the waterways, looking for opportunities to make a fortune

"There are many merchants heading west from Jinling, and there are many happy storms on the boats."

After pacifying the unrest in the northwest

The Silk Road, which has been closed for many years, is now open again

Chang'an has an excellent location advantage

Once again, it became a commercial link

(Please watch in horizontal screen, the map of the Silk Road route, the above is from Zhang Ji's "Jia Ke Le", map @Gao Liqian & Chen Jingyi/Planet Research Institute)

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①

Caravans begin to move

The mighty Tang merchant caravan composed the prelude to Chang'an

You come and I go, people shout and horses neigh

Chinese silk, tea, ceramics, lacquerware

Along the Silk Road to the West

Gradually, the Silk Road became

Wine Road, Ceramic Road, BMW Road

All the Way

(Tang Dynasty three-color camel carrying music figurines, photographer @傅鸿超, map @杜睿/Planet Research Institute)

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Merchants traveled around collecting rare items

Finally gathered in Chang'an City

It can be said that

"Business all over the world, but only in Chang'an"

So the market in Chang'an

Treasures from all over the world fill my eyes

Famous horses, trained elephants, and colorful parrots

Hawksbill turtle, ivory, rhino horn

Pearls, amber, gold and silver

A dazzling array of products, overwhelming

(The above is from Yuan Zhen's "Xianghe Geci·Gu Ke Yue", the picture below is a schematic diagram of the influence of Western culture on Sui and Tang utensils, photographers @傅鸿超&柳叶氘&许志伟&苏李欢, map @杜睿/星球研究院)

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Not only did the economy start to take off

Along the Silk Road

Western culture permeated Chang'an City

This led to the fusion of cultures

②

Culture is flowing

The Hu people opened a shop in Chang'an

Hu food conquered the taste buds of Chang'an people

Let's go to the tavern in Chang'an to take a break.

Come to Bai Juyi

"Sesame pancakes are made in the style of Kyoto, freshly baked with a crispy and fragrant texture"

Or to feel

"The carp is cooked on the jade plate, and the lamb is cooked in the golden tripod"

Or taste the wine.

Another sigh

"When life is good, enjoy it to the fullest, don't let the golden cup face the moon empty"

(The above is from Bai Juyi's "Sending Hu Bing to Yang Wanzhou" & He Chao's "Presenting to the Hotel Hu Ji" & Li Bai's "Song of Drinking", the picture below is a gold and silver cup from the Tang Dynasty, photographers @傅鸿超&袁欢欢, map @杜睿/星球研究院)

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The wine seems to whisper to the brain

In the haze, I saw a pretty girl

It turned out to be the waitress at the tavern.

Suddenly, the drums sounded

The waist is light but can rise as fast as the wind

"At the sound of string drums, both sleeves were raised, and the snow fluttered and turned into a dancing ball."

There are too many rules for the level of robes

People began to wear unrestrained clothes .

(The above is from Bai Juyi's "Hu Xuan Nu", the picture below is a Tang Dynasty silk-dressed painted wooden figurine, photographer @脉影&杨虎, map @杜睿/星球研究院)

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Through women’s creation

Hu makeup became a landscape in Chang'an City

(Types of makeup for women in the Tang Dynasty, drawn by @Du Rui/Planet Research Institute)

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The Hu Feng blew all over Chang'an City

Gradually, following the footsteps of merchants

Monks, messengers, and international students

All flowed into Chang'an

After Buddhism was introduced into China in the Eastern Han Dynasty

Continuously integrating Chinese culture

Spreading branches and leaves in Chang'an

Along with Taoism and many other religions

Enriching the spiritual world of the Tang people

Chang'an's order shocked the surrounding areas

Changan's confidence also embraces all countries

Chang'an became an international metropolis

So the messengers came in droves

Present the most precious treasures of the area

(Tang Duguan Seven Kingdoms Characters Silver Box, photographer @路客看看, map @杜睿/星球研究院)

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Chang'an absorbed foreign culture without scruples

It also generously conveys local culture

So he followed the messenger.

There are also international students from all over the world

They came from afar

Bring advanced science and culture back to hometown

The story of the marriage between Tubo and Tang has been passed down to this day

Princess Wencheng's Dowry

It was brought from Chang'an

Precious treasures, crop seeds

Classic books and skilled craftsmen

(Please watch in horizontal mode, partial view of the Steps of the Buddhist Monk, photographer @秦南/Planetary Research Institute, map @杜睿/Planetary Research Institute)

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Japan sent 15 groups of envoys to Tang Dynasty

Study institutional culture, science and technology

Buddhist scriptures copied stroke by stroke

Reshaping the spiritual world of the Japanese

(Kiyomizu Temple, Japan, photographer @焦潇翔)

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According to statistics, since the Tang Dynasty

Northeast Asian countries sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty 146 times

Southeast Asian countries sent envoys 139 times

A total of 582 envoys were sent to 71 countries

It can be said that all nations come to pay tribute

(The 61 statues of foreign ministers in front of the Qianling Mausoleum of the Tang Dynasty are stone statues of 61 vassal monarchs and ministers from dozens of countries. The heads have been destroyed. The picture shows the 32 statues on the west side. Photographer @王警&射虎)

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Mobility brings infinite possibilities to Chang'an City

Infinite possibilities weave endless dreams

Improvements in talent selection mechanisms give hope for realizing dreams

A merchant may become a wealthy person.

Even those born in humble families can enter the officialdom

Even foreigners can realize their dreams in Chang'an

Famous Japanese students

Abe no Nakamaro

After studying hard for several years in Chang'an, he finally passed the imperial examination and became a Jinshi.

Even served in front of the emperor

(Abe no Nakamaro in the painting by Japanese painter Utagawa Kuniyoshi, from the British Museum, image source @wikimedia commons)

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The Imperial Examination System for Talented People

Provides a way to break the monopoly of official positions

Breaking the hope of family background, region and age

Chang'an directly touches the soul and the flow of thousands of years is born from this

③

Talent is on the move

At that time

Seek fame and enter the government to govern the country

It is the lifelong pursuit of scholars

So this exam that could change the class

Attracting scholars from all over the world to flow into Chang'an

They stopped in Chang'an

Tirelessly recommending his own poems

He wrote many well-known poems

Eager to be recognized and recommended by knowledgeable people

(Changsha Kiln Poetry Porcelain, Photographer @袁欢欢&柳叶氘, Map @杜睿/Planet Research Institute)

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But there is "The spring breeze is blowing, and the horses are galloping. I can see all the flowers in Chang'an in one day."

There is "My hair is as white as snow, my heart is as dead as death, yet I am still a failed scholar in Chang'an"

Heading to Chang'an year after year

Returning to hometown again and again

The pride of passing the imperial examination and the disappointment of failing it

Filling every spring in Chang'an

(The above is from Meng Jiao's "After Passing the Imperial Examination" & Wen Xian's "Inscription on the Wall of Chongqing Temple", the picture below shows the cherry blossoms in full bloom at Qinglong Temple. In 2022, Qinglong Temple was selected as one of the top ten cherry blossom sites in the country. Photographer @刘夙培)

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Of course, there is more to becoming an official than the imperial examination.

Entering the shogunate and establishing military merits are both common ways

then

The footsteps of the scholars flowed to the wilderness and desolate hills

The frontier poems that have been passed down through the ages

Iron Horse Ice River has been in my dream since then

They wrote about the Tang Dynasty frontier

"As long as the flying general is in Longcheng, the Hu horse will not be allowed to cross Yinshan Mountain."

(Please watch in horizontal mode, Daqing Mountain in Yinshan Mountains, the above is from Wang Changling's "Two Frontier Poems, No. 1", photographer @申皓)

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Write about men's ambitions

"I will wear my golden armor after a hundred battles in the yellow sand, and I will not return until I have conquered Loulan"

(The above is from Wang Changling's "Seven Poems on Joining the Army, No. 4", the picture below is the ruins of the ancient city of Loulan, photographer @姜鸿)

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Write down the enemy's determination

"Don't laugh at me for sleeping drunk on the battlefield. How many men have ever returned from a battle?"

(The above is from Wang Han's "Two Songs of Liangzhou·One", the picture below is the snow scene of the Taklimakan Desert in Xinjiang, photographer @王汉冰)

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Examination, military service

Taking office, leaving office

A passionate poet is always on the road

Flowing between mountains, rivers, lakes and seas

The post station is no longer a hasty stop on the journey

Poets met and parted here

Poetry spreads from here

Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen borrowed the post station

Singing in harmony with each other across time and space

"I arrived at Dongchuan halfway, looking south for the moon and north for the clouds"

(The above is from Yuan Zhen's "Two Poems on Luokou Posthouse during His Mission to Dongchuan". Yuan Zhen saw Bai Juyi's poem at Luokou Posthouse and was inspired to write a poem in response. The picture below shows a full moon looking at the lake from afar. Photographer: @堂少)

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In Li Bai's eyes, the post road is always bold and broad.

"The mountains end with the plains, and the river flows into the wilderness"

(The above is from Li Bai's "Farewell at Jingmen Crossing", the picture below is Xiling Gorge, photographer @王正坤)

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Sometimes I am confused

"The sea of ​​clouds confuses the post road, and the river moon hides the village building"

(The above is from Li Bai's "Send to a Friend in Huainan", the picture below is the misty and vast Bald Cypress in Ningguo, Anhui, photographer @丁嘉一)

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The scenery has emotions because of the poet

Following the poet's footsteps

Poetry stirs the earth

Traveling through the time and space of the Chinese nation for thousands of years

Echoes to this day

Chang'an at this time

Full of high spirits

It is majestic and confident.

It stands proudly in the East

Spreading the most advanced and brilliant Chinese civilization at that time

At this time, everything in Chang'an is flowing

As if it will carry a full dream

Winding away

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the winding Wei River, photographer @冯生)

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However

An undercurrent quietly emerged in Chang'an

The increasing war

Rising military spending

The increasingly bloated bureaucracy

The Empire's finances began to suffer a crisis

The wise minister fell, power fell into the hands of others, and treacherous officials took power

Power returned to the nobility

Order becomes chaos

Invasion also followed

then

The land was annexed piece by piece

(Overlooking the wheat fields in the Weihe Plain, photographer @射虎)

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Soldiers returning from battle

No more land of my own

Civilians who lost their land became refugees

The elites who failed the imperial examination were forced to leave Chang'an

The palace is still full of singing and dancing

The dream can no longer be realized in Chang'an

Chang'an is frozen

Finally, a riot was brewing quietly outside the city.

An Lushan's Iron Hoof

Breaking the solidified Chang'an

(Maweiyi Scenic Area, now located in Xingping City, Shaanxi Province, picture source @Visual China, map @Du Rui/Planet Research Institute)

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0 4

Final song

The wheel of history rolls over Chang'an

The song of prosperity came to an abrupt end

Li Bai who laughed to the sky

I once drank with the moon in Chang'an

"I raise my cup to the bright moon, and my shadow and I become three people"

But he finally left Chang'an

Watching the sunset over the river

"Where does my heart go? The sun sets over the great Jiangxi."

(The above is from Li Bai's "Drinking Alone Under the Moon" and "Five Poems on the Road to Exile", and the picture below is the sunset at the mouth of the Liaohe River, photographer @颜景龙)

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once

Chang'an is the emperor's safe haven

It is the dream pursued by thousands of literati

It is the most glorious symbol of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

later

The emperor is gone, the dream has not come true, the Tang Dynasty is gone

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the northeast corner of the Xi'an City Wall at night, photographer @杨光, map @杜睿/Planet Research Institute)

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Later

Environmental deterioration and water system changes in Guanzhong

Border threats move eastward

The rise of the southern economy

Chang'an never became the capital again

Seems to be stuck in history forever

"How far is Chang'an?"

"The sun is approaching. I can see the sun but not Chang'an."

(From Shishuo Xinyu, meaning: "Which is farther, Chang'an or the sun?"

"The sun is near, you can see it when you look up, but you can't see Chang'an", the Chang'an mentioned here is the Chang'an of the Han Dynasty. The picture below shows the Tang Zhenling looking at Xi'an, the photographer is @射虎)

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However

When the babbling child recites

"The moon shines brightly before my bed, I wonder if it is frost on the ground"

I suddenly realized

Chang'an still flows in another dimension

We are always in another time and space

Keep meeting it again

(The above is from Li Bai's "Quiet Night Thoughts", the picture below is the Tang Paradise and Big Wild Goose Pagoda against the backdrop of a modern city, photographer @射虎)

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At some point

Perhaps when walking across the fertile plains

Perhaps it is time to touch the mottled ruins of the city

Perhaps it is when you see the canal water still rushing

Maybe it's time to go to the temple and light a stick of incense.

Maybe it's when I whisper poetry

We will travel through time

Feel the majestic order of the capital

Flowing with the ever-changing world

How far away is Chang'an?

Riyuan

When I look up, I see the sun, and I also see Chang'an.

(Please watch in horizontal mode, the city of Xi'an is growing at the foot of Qinling Mountains, photographer @王警, map @伯蓉/星球研究院)

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This article was created by

Written by : Xiong Huo

Editor : Ding Ding

Image : Qin Nan

Design : Du Rui & Zhi Peng

Map: Gao Liqian

Review : Xiaohua & Xiang Buxiang & Chen Zhihao

Cover Photographer : Li Wenbo & Su Linghan

Audit Expert

Wang Jun, professor of School of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology

Xu Chang, Associate Professor, School of History, Beijing Normal University

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