Are the sacrificial codes of the Shang Dynasty hidden under the stadium?

Text and photos by Liu Wenke

1. Discovery of the Bronze Jue

On October 5, 2015, the drizzle had just stopped, the weather was a little gloomy, the sky was covered with dark clouds, a few drizzles of rain fell without emotion, and the water on the ground was rippling. I went to the Henan Provincial Stadium to conduct a field survey of cultural relics. Because the Henan Provincial Stadium tennis hall project needs to be renovated and expanded, the Zhengzhou Cultural Relics Exploration Team conducted an exploration of the proposed construction area. After the exploration team's exploration, it was found that cultural layers were distributed in the area. After a brief communication with Mr. Liu on the scene that day, we determined the time to enter the site and related matters.

On October 15, Liang Yanan, Li Ruxin, I and others entered the Henan Provincial Stadium Tennis Hall Project as a vanguard team. Since the site had not been completely cleared at that time, we first cleaned the remains in the foundation pit on the west side. The mottled remains were intertwined with some wastewater around them, making it difficult to clean. However, the complex relationship between the remains in the foundation pit and the large number of unearthed objects gave us a preliminary understanding of this site.

Not long after, Deng Yan joined our team. She was a lovely girl, not tall, pretty, thin, and even a little childish. At that time, I doubted whether such a girl could be competent for field work? But the good times did not last long. Because the place where we lived was not very friendly to girls at night (the toilet door was locked at night), Deng Yan was transferred to other construction sites, and Li Ruxin was sent to Xi'an to learn drawing technology, and our team returned to the normal state of two people.

Since the strata in the foundation pit on the west side of the excavation area were seriously disturbed, it was very troublesome to deal with the relics. In this foundation pit, we found ceramic pieces from the Tang Dynasty, tombs from the Han Dynasty and pottery pieces from the Shang Dynasty. Based on this preliminary phenomenon, we can determine that this remains should be the accumulation of the Shang Dynasty and the Han and Tang Dynasties. However, the relationship between the relics and the strata disturbance and breaking is very complicated, which makes us at a loss. Just when we were in pain, we found a bronze jue in the Shang Dynasty stratum of the foundation pit. Although it was a little broken, many characteristics of the artifact revealed its era. The belly of the vessel is decorated with taotie patterns and linked beads, and the bottom is relatively flat. Comprehensive evaluation, we believe that this artifact should be a bronze artifact from the early Shang Dynasty. When we thought of this, we were very happy. After all, we have found this bronze artifact before the area with good strata on the east side has been excavated. It is a gift from God to us, or it may be telling us: we have a tough battle to fight. After all, sites where bronze artifacts are unearthed are rare.

2. How to draw a circle?

As the excavation of the large pit on the south side began, our team also welcomed several female generals, Wang Qingli and Song Shuyu. Their joining made our originally lonely and boring team suddenly happy. The eldest sister Wang Qingli was born with a loud voice and always acted as if she was born to be useful. She was good at everything she ate and did. She was an all-round player in our unit and a role model for us. Song Shuyu, a little sister, was born with a beautiful face, was weak and taciturn, and always worked silently. Such a team complemented each other and made our originally dull construction site a little more interesting. However, Sister Wang would occasionally start to quarrel with us, which made us run away and unable to face it.

With the large-scale excavation of the eastern area, our originally happy construction site suddenly fell into endless troubles. The cultural accumulation of this site is very complicated, which makes it impossible for us to maintain a good mentality and work habits. The disputes between each other are becoming more and more obvious, and some bad phenomena in the work have begun to emerge. First of all, there are multiple "disturbance pit" numbers in the ash pit record of Comrade Liang Yanan. After understanding the situation, I criticized him and told him that when we first cleaned up a site, we didn't know what it would look like in the end, but we knew what it looked like at the beginning. For a determined relic unit, a certain number should be given. It is not possible to simply number some relics without unearthed objects for the sake of convenience. This numbering or working method is wrong. If the site we excavated later becomes an important site or a "star" site, what will it look like if the walls of the exploration square are full of "disturbance pits"? And these are all dug by one person, what do you think? Xiao Liang nodded. In fact, I know that as an outstanding technician, he is very concerned about technology except that he is not good at interpersonal relationships.

Secondly, the most troublesome thing for us is the problem of drawing lines in the exploration area. Except for the red soil in a few exploration areas, the soil and color of the cultural deposits in other areas are very small, and the colors between the areas are roughly the same, and they stretch across several exploration areas. So, we had differences in drawing lines on the relics. The difference between the relics and the exploration area is very small. It seems to have a range, but it is not obvious. It really makes us feel like we can't start. How to draw a circle? It has climbed to the top three of our idioms and has become a common phrase in our daily communication. The other two are "Who can help me see what to do with this?" and "It doesn't seem right." Of course, Wang Qingli's exclusive phrase "This exploration area is so mad at me" is an exception. In the debate and hesitation, several relics were still determined. According to their distribution range, we basically determined the range of these relics. This matter really made me happy for a day, after all, I can start my work. At that time, my mentality was like a person swimming in the sea. After losing control, he blindly grabbed a drifting wooden board. So we cleaned up the ruins with a determined range, but the three ruins that were cleaned up had a commonality. The upper layer of the ruins seemed to be able to draw lines to determine the range, but when cleaning, the pit walls were not regular. The most important thing is that their depths are almost the same, and the objects are basically the same. This result surprised me, and I cried out to myself: "No, this is bad, the stratum is treated as a relic." After a careful examination of these several suspected ash pits, I found that this seemingly continuous accumulation should be a large relic, and the distribution is uneven, and it seems that the edges are thinner. In view of this situation, I think I can no longer deal with the central part, but concentrate on cleaning around. If it is a stratum, then find out its distribution. If it is a relic, then find out the distribution range. Through scraping, Wang Qingli was the first to find the superposition line between strata in her own exploration square, and the range of this layer of ash soil can finally be determined. Unexpectedly, the outer periphery of the ash layer is very regular and distributed in an arc shape. Such a distribution range makes us a little puzzled. Why is this layer distributed like this? Is there any large ruins? Such questions gradually come to mind.

Yes, my occupational disease has struck again. The secret is always on the next level.

3. “Why did they all die on our side?”

We followed the clues found by Wang Qingli and moved forward to determine the scope of this complex soil layer. That day, the weather was clear and the October sky was particularly quiet. Wang Qingli suddenly stood up in the exploration cell and waved to me: "Liu, come over and take a look, what is this?" I hurriedly crawled over from the next exploration cell and took a closer look. In a small pit, there lay the remains of an animal. Judging from the shape and the fangs on the lower jaw, it should be the remains of a pig. The discovery of this pig skeleton really excited us for a long time. As the work progressed, we found the remains of a second pig, which was also completely lying on its side in a kneeling position at the bottom of the ash pit. Since the two ash pits where the pig remains were unearthed were located near a large ash pit, looking at the distribution of the large ash pit and the pig pit, I suddenly thought: "What is the relationship between these two complete pig pits and this large ash pit? Are these two pig pits the sacrificial pits of this large pit? Could it be that this large ash pit has some bronze artifacts or important remains?" After all, killing and offering sacrifices near important relics is one of the important manifestations of Shang Dynasty culture. Look at the royal mausoleum area of ​​Yinxu, where there are densely packed sacrificial pits like stars, with animal sacrifices and human sacrifices. Therefore, when we cleaned up this large ash pit that seemed to be surrounded by pig pits, we were very cautious, but until we saw the raw soil at the bottom of the pit, we only got a small amount of Shang Dynasty pottery fragments. So what was the purpose of this large ash pit? Just when I was doubting the nature of this pit, we found the third and fourth sacrificial pits with pig bones buried in them. The distribution of these two sacrificial pits pulled me back from my judgment of the nature of the big ash pit. The two sacrificial pits were located far away from the big ash pit. According to the head direction of the sacrificial animals, we clearly felt that the distribution range of these sacrificial pits with complete pig skeletons was approximately arc-shaped, and slightly overlapped with the arc boundary found by Wang Qingli a few days ago. This result instantly made me jump out of my paranoia about the nature of the big ash pit, "It turns out that this is a suspicious force." So we turned our attention back to the distribution area of ​​the ash layer in the north of the sacrificial pit.

Animal remains from sacrificial pits

We gradually cleaned the ash and soil on top. Because the accumulation of pottery fragments in this layer was very complicated, we made slow progress. At the same time, Comrade Wang Qingli found more and more sacrificial pits while cleaning the area she was responsible for. There was an ash pit with clear boundaries and various pottery fragments inside. When cleaning, an animal skull also appeared on one side. Following the trend of the bones, we found that it was also the remains of a pig. At that time, Wang Qingli suddenly threw down the shovel, stood up, stood aside, and shouted, "Another one, why did they all die in my exploration area?" Her shout made us all happy and hurried to comfort her. Everyone said in unison: "You are so lucky!", "You are so lucky!" "Look, this luck is so strong that I can't say it, just call him Wang Dazhuang." Amid everyone's jokes, Wang Qingli's mood finally turned from gloomy to sunny, but she still complained: "They all died in my excavation pit. It's so annoying. I've been cleaning bones for dozens of days." "Look at that poor Liang Yanan. She couldn't even dig out a chick. You are so lucky. Maybe you can find a good partner this year", I hurried to comfort her. In fact, only those who do field archaeology know how much endurance and carefulness are required to clean skeletons. If you are not careful, a primary burial will be cleaned into a secondary burial. Skeleton cleaning is indeed a job that requires physical strength and responsibility. Although Wang Qingli was still mumbling, she had patiently squatted in the pit, picked up the brush and shovel and continued to work.

Wang Qingli cleaning human skeletons

When she cleaned out the pit, she was dazzled by the various accumulations in the pit. On one side of the pit were complete pig skeletons, and on the other side were broken pottery, oracle bones, and broken bones. Many of these broken pottery pieces could be pieced together.

Days passed slowly during the cleaning process, and the construction site moved forward in a serious, cautious and happy manner. However, the moon was falling, and midwinter was approaching. With such a complex ruin and a large area, the burden on me was not light. In addition, the weather had been gloomy since the beginning of winter, just like a melancholy mood. What should I do with this construction site? At this time, the unit sent us several additional technicians, including several high-level masters, such as Master Wang Guangcai, and Xiao Dengyan who had been transferred elsewhere. The arrival of these personnel really "rescued the people from their predicament and supported the building that was about to collapse."

4. Initial layout

As the number of personnel increased, we added all personnel to the cleaning of the middle position of the sacrificial pit. In view of the mistake of treating the stratum as a relic last time, and the current situation of dense accumulation in the stratum, we carried out a detailed and rigorous treatment of the cultural accumulation in this middle area. First, we determined the distribution range of this accumulation (this is a stratum or relic that spans several exploration squares). Since this accumulation shows clear signs and attributes of sacrifice, we named this huge relic K8. Since the scope of the relic was determined, we let go and carried out detailed operations on it. Several people surrounded the large relic in the middle (K8) and slowly cleaned up this huge relic by cannibalization. While we were fighting with K8, Wang Qingli on the side was still slowly cleaning up the skeletons of animals that died in her exploration square.

One day, the weather was very good, a rare good weather since the excavation. Such weather really cleared the clouds and swept away the gloomy mood of early winter. When we were resting in the morning, a comrade shouted: "Captain Liu, come over here." I went there. This is my favorite thing to hear on the construction site. Generally speaking, there must be good things or major relics exposed. It was the remains of a well. When the staff saw me coming, they used their hands to shovel the soil covering the relics. I clearly saw a black and gray cylindrical object, and on one side of it there were several yellow pointed cylindrical objects about 1 inch long. "Stop, come up quickly," I was shocked and quickly stopped him from working on the next step, "Come up quickly." "It's not that serious, it's decayed like this," he didn't take it seriously, but still got up and left the well. I quickly arranged for the workers to stay away from the well excavation area, and put up a cordon around the area, while calling the nearest public security agency. Soon, the comrades from the public security department came, and brought blasting technicians. They went down to the well and cleaned it up, telling us that these were military equipment from before the liberation, and they were abandoned here for some reason. Not long after, they took away all the bullets and grenades with rotten appearance and unknown effectiveness. It was a day of thrills. Archaeology is really a magical subject. You can put anything in it. We dug a well from the Ming and Qing dynasties, but we found bullets and grenades from the Republic of China period.

As the internal accumulation layer (K8) was cleaned, all the pottery fragments in the accumulation gradually became clear, including other accumulations around the accumulation layer. At first, the red soil layer found in the west exploration area where Wang Qingli was responsible was actually rammed earth, which was also distributed and confirmed on the east side. The rammed earth walls were distributed on the east and west sides of the core area and the large ruins (K8). On the outside of the rammed earth walls, we cleared out trenches, which were in the same direction as the rammed earth walls. At that moment, I suddenly realized that the layout of this site and the distribution of the ruins were so clear and clear. K8 should be the central sacrificial area, which we are used to calling the altar. It is a cultural relic with sacrificial nature composed of layers of pottery fragments, divination bones, and animal bones. It is surrounded by large and small sacrificial pits, which contain remains of pigs, sheep, etc. There are rammed earth walls on the outside of this area, and trenches on the outside of the walls. This is really an amazing sacrificial scene. On these stacked pottery fragments, we saw human bones, animal bones, divination bones, etc. lying in all directions. These remains seemed to clearly show grand sacrificial scenes.

I was completely immersed in a sacrifice. The gloomy sky, the tied people, the baby presented as a sacrifice, the pottery filled with wine, the sacrificial vessels smeared with cinnabar, all of these are the rituals of sacrifice and the process of sacrifice. In this area, the Shang people raised their wine glasses and offered sacrifices with human sacrifices to comfort their ancestors. They were praying and offering sacrifices, using blood and killing animals to complete the sacrifices. This kind of sacrificial behavior should be the daily routine of the Shang people, this superstitious ethnic group, and of course other ethnic groups in this period. No nation can escape the limitations of its history. They used sacrifices to repay the gods, to express their loyalty, and also hoped to be blessed by their ancestors.

When the construction site was dug here, it seemed that all these emotions were exhausted, but I suddenly found that something seemed to be missing? That is! There seemed to be something missing from our excavation area and the core of the site. There were walls on the east, south and west sides, a trench outside, an altar inside, and killing on top. It seemed perfect, but what about the north? This thought gave me a start. Oh no, what about the north?

5. Build an observatory

According to the construction plan, most of the northern area is no longer within the scope of excavation. In addition, due to the soil pile, the chance of expanding our work is relatively small. However, in view of the major discoveries in other areas, we still went to great lengths to clear the soil from the small northern area to an area on the south side. In this way, a row of exploration squares were arranged on the north side according to the situation. This row of exploration squares was carried out very slowly. Due to the lack of personnel and the lack of a place for the soil to be taken out, we were a little embarrassed. After a few days, we thought of a good trick to pile all the soil on an open space outside an excavation area on the south side. Thus, the mighty mountain-building movement began. After a few days, a small earth hill was built on the open space on the south side. However, in order to pile up more soil, we trampled the loose soil and continued to pile up the soil, thus forming a large earth mound of five or six meters high. Due to the solid geology, it can be climbed. During rest time, we often climbed to the top to have a look at the construction site. Perhaps it is because of the high place that one can have a panoramic view of all the relics on the construction site, quite like Confucius climbing the Eastern Mountain.

With the solution of the soil pile problem in the north area, the exploration of several exploration areas we opened on the north side has also been smoothly advanced. In winter weather, the breath turns into ice, and the strata are also very hard. When cleaning the strata in this area, we couldn't even scrape the surface with a hand shovel. At first, we thought it was because of the cold weather. After a period of hard work, we were surprised to find that the soil structure here is different from other areas. The soil here is distributed in regions. Based on this, after a period of operation, we found that the soil here is also rammed earth. Compared with other areas, this area has a higher terrain and simpler strata accumulation. After confirming that it is rammed earth, we found the remains of a rammed earth house on this rammed earth platform. It was a rammed earth house with 7 rooms. The layout of the entire east side was very regular, while the west side was very unclear due to the disturbance of the ash pit and the broken relationship. After the house site on the rammed earth platform became clearer. I stood on the observation deck and looked at the rammed earth houses on the north side. There were rammed earth walls on both sides of the houses, and the outer wall was surrounded by a moat. In the center of the wall was a large pile of pottery fragments, stacked layer by layer. Various sacrifices could be seen on the pottery fragments, including humans and animals. At the same time, cinnabar pottery fragments, divination bones, animal bones, etc. were also seen. The whole sacrificial area was orderly and particularly spectacular. From then on, whenever there were visitors on the construction site, we would invite them to climb the observatory to see the masterpiece of mankind.

At the same time, the exploration area in charge of Wang Qingli discovered another sacrificial pit. Although the sacrificial pit was on the east side of the wall outside the sacrificial area, it was surprisingly large. The sacrificial animals unearthed were also beyond our expectations. They were two cows of different shapes, which were placed in the sacrificial pit as sacrifices. This cow pit was also the second cow sacrifice pit we found in this area. It must be said that Wang Qingli is an outstanding archaeologist. When we were cleaning the small ash pit, she was digging the sacrificial pit. When we were cleaning the tombs, she dug out the sacrificial pit, but when we dug out the house, she dug out the few cow pits. Her luck is really strong. As the saying goes: "People are afraid of being famous, and pigs are afraid of being strong." Suddenly one day, she received a notice asking her to return to the unit immediately for another assignment. After all, such a good worker is not so easy to find, and everyone likes to use it. After the order was issued, she had not left. The project leader Xin Yingjun had to convey the order again. As a result, it was still unpleasant. Wang Qingli insisted that she had not finished the exploration and work at hand, and she could not leave the team yet. Under her insistence, the leader Xin could only give her several days to finish the work at hand. The night before she left, our team went to the neighborhood barbecue restaurant to eat again. It was a restaurant we often went to. As usual, we ordered a lot of barbecue and ordered Erguotou, which we often drink. After all, I am poor and have short ambitions, and I can't afford too expensive consumption. However, this time I ordered Inner Mongolian mare's milk wine, which is the specialty of their restaurant. I always thought it was too expensive and didn't drink it. This time, I made an exception and indulged myself. The wine was very elegant, and it seemed a little light at the entrance, but the aftertaste was a little strong, just like us in the world. That night, we all had a tacit understanding and didn't mention the ruins of the construction site. After all, the analysis of ruins has been one of the side dishes when drinking in the past few months. But that night, none of us mentioned anything about the ruins. We just drank happily. After all, wine can warm the frozen body and untie the barriers in our hearts. When we were drunk, we naturally said many words of sincerity and responsibility. Soon, some people were drunk and fell to the ground. It was already midnight, so we had to leave the store and go out.

That night, the moonlight was bright, shining on the remaining snow on the roadside, and it was actually a bit cold. Xiao Liang helped the drunkard back to the base. I told Wang Qingli, "Let me call you a car." She refused again and again, saying that it would only take a short time to ride a bicycle home. Everyone was arguing and no one was willing to give in. Finally, I could only say to her, "Then let's walk back together. Anyway, the night is pretty good, and our homes are pretty close." She agreed, so she held the bicycle, and we walked together under the bright moonlight. That night, we walked back while chatting. The winter night was really cold, and we would occasionally meet drunk and destitute people on the roadside, singing the wild songs of youth. That night, Wang Qingli talked about her 40 years, her youth, and her father, a geologist who found uranium mines for the new China in Baiyang River, Xinjiang (her father visited the construction site one day, and at that time, he didn't know that the old man was the highest-ranking official who had ever visited the construction site). She talked about her father's search for gifts from nature, and we are following the footprints of mankind, but we need to be careful enough. Talking about the poems and writings she copied when she was young, I realized that this big sister with a rough appearance actually has such a delicate soul.

6. Construction site relocation

That day, I didn't go to the construction site for two days because of something. When I came to the archaeological site again, I was surprised to find that the open space of the excavation project was filled with clean pottery fragments of various colors. At that time, I thought that cleaning the pottery fragments was the last procedure of field archaeological work, and it was also a very complicated task. If you don't pay attention, mistakes will occur. Who did this? I quickly asked Liang Yanan who was nearby, and he still smiled obscenely: "Wang Dali washed it before she left. She said that the work was complete, and she also said that you owed him a drink." When I heard this, I immediately felt that this carefree girl was really a model worker.

As the work progressed, we began the final finishing work, and aerial photos were necessary. However, the weather was not good. The weather was not good during those days. Every day was gloomy, and the aerial photos taken always had a gloomy temperament, which was very unsatisfactory. With my repeated insistence, on a sunny afternoon, Zhao Xiangli and Sun Xiaofei from the surveying and mapping team re-took aerial photos, and the flight and aerial photography were very successful. Under the bright sun, we also had a lot of things to do. The pictures of the surrounding animal bone sacrifice pits had been drawn long ago, but the pottery piles in the middle that looked like an altar had not been drawn. How could we completely preserve its full picture, imprint it in our minds, and make it a kind of thing that had been recorded in history. That feeling was just like saying goodbye to a good friend. You looked at his appearance, stroked his hair, and tried hard to put everything you saw into your mind without any difference. According to the archaeological drawing standard - 1:20 specification, I still feel that it is not clear enough to draw such a large ruins map, so I asked Deng Yan and Wang Guangcai to use a 1:10 scale to draw, and at the same time, 3D mapping of this core location was carried out. After doing all this, I always feel that there are still many things that have not been done well, and it seems that there are still many relics that have not been made clear. Perhaps this is a unique complex of archaeologists for archaeological relics. After all, they existed and you have seen them, but they can't be kept after all, after all, they flow eastward.

Deng Yan cleaning up the ruins

On a sunny afternoon, Xiao Liang stood in front of the exploration area and said to me that he wanted to take a few days off to go home and visit his daughter for her birthday. He had not been back for almost half a year because the construction site was too busy. I did not agree to his request. I suggested that he could bring his family to the construction site to celebrate his birthday together. This would be good. So, that day, his wife and daughter came to our construction site together. His wife was tall and his daughter was sweet and lovely, which formed a sharp contrast with the wretched Xiao Liang. Everyone said that Xiao Liang was really a pile of cow dung. Laughing aside, at noon, a colleague bought a cake for the child. We also found a restaurant and asked Xiao Liang's family to sit in the main seat. He refused again and again, and then a busybody joked, "We are sitting up there, and next to you is your wife and girl. It seems a bit out of place." Xiao Liang sat in the main guest seat in the midst of everyone's joking. During the meal, we wished the child a happy birthday and sang birthday songs together. It can be seen that the little girl and her mother are very happy. Afterwards, Xiao Liang asked me many times, "Why do you have to be so high-profile?" I always smiled and said nothing. Now, I don't know if he has figured it out.

Midwinter has arrived, and our work is drawing to a close. According to the arrangement, we started the relocation of some sacrificial pits on the construction site. Small sacrificial pits are relatively easy to move, but large sacrificial pits are very troublesome to box or extract as a whole. Fortunately, there are many talented people on the construction site. Although these migrant workers who work everywhere to survive do not have impressive academic qualifications, the hardships of life have already made them very strong. They take society as their home and have long been accustomed to various ways of survival. They have also mastered various skills to make a living. Therefore, the big brother who used to clean the soil has become a carpenter who can make furniture, and the little brother who cleaned animal bones has become an electric welder in the blink of an eye. This is really a master among the people. With the joint efforts of all parties, all these original sacrificial pits have been packed. In the dark night, we loaded the car and transported them back to our cultural relics warehouse.

VII. Ending

Over the years, every time I passed by this place, I would subconsciously go to the intersection of Yousheng North Road and Wenhua Road to see the newly opened supermarket and the coffee shop on the opposite corner. Everything seemed natural and orderly, with no trace of the past. At that time, I would always think of the words of Brother Chen Yang: "After these are repaired, will anyone still remember those of us who fought for them?" (See my work "Excavation of the Ming Dynasty Mural Tomb of Liu in Nangang, Zhengzhou")

Many years later, I have also worked on many construction sites and experienced many things. However, whenever our group of friends get together, we will talk about the winter of that year and the "rights and wrongs" between us during that period. This ending seems very cliché. After all, all movies and novels are presented in this way, at least the ending of "The Lord of the Rings" is like this. In this world, except for life and death, everything is a trivial matter. In this world, there are brothers who are willing to work hard with you for a certain cause. This may be the mutual recognition between everyone and the cornerstone of team struggle. Expanding it should be the meaning and value of life. I am grateful to those brothers and sisters who have worked hard with me.

Comrade Liang Yanan in the picture

Many years later, I wrote a brief report on the excavation of the stadium. When I sent it to the editor, I felt relieved and felt that my mission was over. In fact, the real end is still far away, and its excavation report and research have not yet been carried out. "Dig a city until you are old, and choose one thing to live out your life." At the stadium in Henan Province, a sacrificial site of the Shang Dynasty, we see sacrificial deposits from the early Shang Dynasty, the same sacrificial method as Xiaoshuangqiao, and the unique way of paying tribute to the gods by merchants in Zhengzhou Shang City. (End)

This article was originally published in "Personal Experience of Henan Archaeology - Evidence of the Origin of Chinese Civilization". It has been slightly supplemented in this release.