When you think of the deep sea, you think of the legendary "giant monster"? There are actually quite a few "prototypes" in reality!

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To this day, the scientific community still has different opinions on the specific reasons for the formation of the "deep sea giant" phenomenon: Why are many creatures living in the deep sea much larger than their species? For example, giant crabs, giant isopods, oarfish, seven-armed octopuses, and the protagonist of today's article: giant squid. Studies have pointed out that in the case of crustaceans, the increase in their size is the same as Bergmann's rule (Bergmann's rule, which means that the size of the same kind of warm-blooded animals will increase as the latitude or altitude of the living area increases): the expansion of both sizes is accompanied by a decrease in the surrounding temperature.

Of course, it is not surprising that many people have associations with Macrophilia: after all, humans have complex feelings towards creatures that are many times larger than themselves.

In the dim, solemn lights of the National Museum of New Zealand lies a monster. Its bulk lies in a huge glass coffin, its thick tentacles dangling from a strange, mottled body that once held two huge, staring eyes. In a gallery of New Zealand's marine life, its appearance is otherworldly, reminiscent of H.G. Wells's original description of the Martian in The War of the Worlds - tufts of tentacles dangling from a heavy, bear-like body and a nightmarish beak.

Giant squid at the National Museum of New Zealand. © wikimedia

But this is no alien visitor, but a mysterious creature from the darkness of our own planet's deep oceans - the Colossal squid . It's the largest invertebrate on Earth, and this precious specimen on display at the National Museum of New Zealand is the first time in human history that the mysterious creature has been captured alive (albeit briefly).

For such a large creature, the giant squid is surprisingly stealthy, which has kept it from human eyes for so long. Its discovery was a slow process, and it took decades for humans to piece together the clues about it. It wasn't until about 100 years ago that we first got a glimpse of these almost legendary creatures. To this day, there is still no conclusive evidence that humans have observed giant squids in the wild, although there are some unconfirmed sightings.

The giant squid is the largest invertebrate ever discovered, with an adult weighing more than 500 kilograms. © Te Papa/ CC BY 4.0

In June 2024, scientists from an Antarctic expedition publicly stated that they may have captured a juvenile giant squid through a camera installed on a ship during a polar tourism expedition in 2023. This short video image shows a creature in the icy waters of Antarctica, but the image is still under further review by scientists. Scientists are unable to determine its identity, which highlights how lonely and mysterious the giant squid is:

Since this creature lives in the deep sea, which has only been explored by humans in modern times, the initial clues about it came from the stomach remains of sperm whales. Scientists found some partially digested, huge and strange squid fragments in the whale's stomach, with stick-like structures with hooks at the end of its tentacles. These remains suggest that in the depths of the ocean, a life-and-death struggle between giant squids and sperm whales may be taking place.

The creature amazed the crew, some of whom were experienced sailors who claimed to have "sailed the seven seas" but had never seen anything like it.

Then, in 1981, a Soviet trawler named the Eureka accidentally caught a giant squid while fishing in Antarctica's Ross Sea. The discovery did not attract much attention at the time, and it was not mentioned again until a decade after the end of the Cold War. In 2000, Soviet scientist Alexander Remeslo published an article on the forum The Octopus News Magazine Online, providing the first first-hand account of the catch. "In the early morning of February 3, 1981, I was working in the Lazarev Sea near Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica," Remeslo wrote. "A colleague rushed into my cabin, pushed me hard, and shouted: 'Wake up! We caught a giant squid!'" Remeslo immediately rushed to the deck with his camera and saw a huge reddish-brown squid lying on the deck. The creature amazed the crew, some of whom were experienced sailors who claimed to have "sailed the seven seas" but had never seen anything like it. Eager to see the results, Remeslo decided to develop the film directly on board the ship instead of taking it back to the lab for processing. However, the photos he took were not ideal due to insufficient light. But despite this, he still managed to record the first intact capture of a giant squid in human history - an individual that was not part of a whale's stomach.

© MUN Gazette

From the black-and-white photo shared by Remeslo, we can see that several Soviet crew members squatted next to the giant squid, with its two long tentacles stretched out in front of it, as if clenching fists. The squid was 5.1 meters (16.7 feet) long, with a mantle of 2 meters (6.6 feet) long. It was described as a female individual that had not yet fully grown. More than 20 years later, another juvenile giant squid was discovered. This time, it attracted global attention. In 2003, BBC News reported the incident with the headline "Super Squid Appears in Antarctica" [1]. The squid was found floating on the surface of the Ross Sea and was later dragged onto the deck by a fishing boat. Scientists transported its remains to Wellington, the capital of New Zealand, where two scientists from Auckland University of Technology, Steve O'Shea and Kat Bolstad, were responsible for the dissection and research. At that time, O'Shea was looking at this behemoth on the dissection table of the National Museum of New Zealand, and he couldn't help but excitedly called his colleagues: "Come and see! We found a giant squid!" But he forgot one thing - that day was April Fool's Day, April 1, 2003. Everyone thought it was a prank until O'Shea sent out the photos, and the global media swarmed in, and his mobile phone rang for a whole month. O'Shea had long studied another large squid, the Giant Squid, which can be up to 13 meters (43 feet) long. But when he faced the Giant Squid, he immediately realized that it was a completely different creature.

The giant squid has rotating claws on its tentacles that can rotate 360 ​​degrees. © Te Papa/CC BY 4.0

"The giant squid was a bit boring to me," O'Shea recalled. "It was just big, but there was nothing particularly attractive about it. The giant squid's features were amazing! It had rotating claws on its tentacles, and its beak was larger and stronger than the giant squid's." Although the giant squid has longer tentacles, the giant squid's mantle is thicker and heavier. It can weigh more than 500 kilograms, making it a true deep-sea monster. But the giant squid is far more than an enlarged version of an ordinary squid.

© Te Papa Collections Online

Its eyes can reach 11 inches (27.5 cm) in diameter , making them the largest eyes of any animal known to date.[2] Its beak is made of a protein similar to human hair and nails, and is sharp and claw-like, which it uses to tear off chunks of prey. Another organ in its body, the radula, is covered with sharp teeth, which it uses to further tear the chunks of meat into smaller pieces.

The beak of a giant squid compared to the size of a human hand. © Te Papa/CC BY 4.0

The giant squid's radula (yellow in the picture) is covered with rows of tiny teeth. © Sally Parker/Smithsonian Institution

On its tentacles, there are also conspicuous claws. Although other types of squid (including giant squid) have small teeth inside the sucker, the claws of the giant squid are more prominent - these curved hooks are an important weapon for it to hunt. Amazingly, its claws can even rotate 360 ​​degrees. However, scientists are still unsure whether these claws are actively controlled by the squid or rotate on their own when they hook prey. Steve O'Shea used the discovery of the giant squid and the subsequent media attention to criticize New Zealand's fishery policy and accuse it of certain destructive fishing practices in the Southern Ocean. His remarks led to some resistance in the fishing industry to his participation in related research. But in the midst of this controversy, O'Shea eventually gave Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni an official common name - "giant squid". Two years after O'Shea placed the first giant squid on the laboratory bench, fishermen almost succeeded in catching a live specimen. In 2005, a fishing boat fishing for Patagonian toothfish near South Georgia in the South Atlantic caught a giant squid on its fishing line. Five fishermen tried to pull it aboard but failed. The squid's violent struggle on the sea surface was recorded, which is considered to be the first time humans have filmed a live giant squid. In February 2007, the New Zealand fishing boat San Aspiring was fishing for Patagonian toothfish in the Ross Sea in Antarctica. When it was reeling in its fishing line, it accidentally found a fully grown, still alive giant squid.

An adult giant squid caught by the San Aspiring (left), and scientists examining a thawed giant squid carcass (right). © Sanford San Aspiring RNZ/Alison Ballance

The squid had been trapped in its attempt to snatch a toothfish. "It was trying to snatch a toothfish off the longline and it got tangled up in the main line and the sub-line and was dragged to the surface," said Andrew Stewart, curator of ichthyology at the National Museum of New Zealand and one of the world's most respected fish scientists. The squid is estimated to weigh 450 kilograms and be about 10 meters (30 feet) long. As it struggled, the fishing boat's fishing gear lacerated its body, leaving it badly injured and it would probably not have survived if it had been released directly into the sea. The St. Aspiring had New Zealand fisheries scientists on board to document any unexpected discoveries of new species or rare creatures. "They saw it floating on the surface, clinging to the side of the boat, and realised it was too badly injured to swim away on its own," Stewart recalled.

So far, almost all the giant squids discovered by humans come from the deep sea.

"It's very difficult to get it on board," Stewart added. "You have to face a completely soft and boneless creature. How do you lift it from the side of the ship and put it on the deck? Once you get it up, what do you do with it?" This giant squid, which was caught while intact and still alive, obviously meets the scientists' standards for preservation. But the biggest challenge they face is: how to preserve it intact before the end of the fishing operation?

The giant eye of a giant squid. © Te Papa/CC BY 4.0

"They managed to get it below deck and freeze it in a 'pelican bin,'" explains Stewart, who was the first person to be notified by a fishery observer that a giant squid had been caught. A pelican bin is a 1-cubic-meter (35-cubic-foot) container that is usually used to store fuel or other supplies. When fishing boats enter the Southern Ocean, the bins are emptied, cleaned, and used to store fish offal or scientific samples. In this case, they stuffed the half-ton giant squid directly into the bin and froze it into a giant 'squid popsicle.' This freezing method also made it relatively easy to move when the St. Aspiring finally returned to Wellington. "You just lifted it up with a forklift," Stewart said. The giant squid was immediately sent to the cold storage room of the National Museum of New Zealand. "We were all thinking, 'What are we going to do with this giant?'" Stewart recalls. Even thawing the frozen specimen was a challenge, let alone preserving it. "Because of the structure and chemistry of this creature, the outer layer could rot while the inner layer remained frozen during thawing," Stewart explained. So we built a huge wooden tank with three layers of rubber cement on the inside and covered with three layers of heavy polyethylene plastic. O'Shea and his team came up with a solution: use a low-temperature salt water solution to control the thawing rate. "If the ice crystals formed during freezing expand, it will destroy the squid tissue and make it mushy," O'Shea added. "When thawing, the ice crystals melt and the squid's volume decreases. We can watch it gradually collapse with the naked eye." To prevent the body from decaying, scientists need to inject the squid's tissue with a formalin solution, but the choice of concentration is crucial.

"If I remember correctly, we used 4% formalin," O'Shea said. "We fixed the tissue from the inside and then immersed the whole specimen in a mixture of formalin and seawater." Over the next 48 to 72 hours, scientists needed to constantly monitor the pH of the solution, because once the pH exceeded 7, the calcium claws on the squid's arms and suckers would begin to dissolve. When the pH became too acidic, they would replace the formalin solution to ensure that the color of the specimen was preserved intact. "In the end, we got a perfect-looking specimen," O'Shea said.

The National Museum of New Zealand knew the giant squid could be a star attraction. But the thawed carcass posed new challenges, Stewart said: "First, how do we display it? Second, how do we transport this flabby giant?" Giant squids are adapted to the huge water pressure of the deep sea environment, so their soft bodies can rely on the surrounding water for support. In the air, their bodies will collapse due to lack of support. "If you don't handle it carefully, the whole body may fall apart," Stewart said. The National Museum of New Zealand's solution was to contact a glass manufacturing company in nearby Palmerston North, which used special technology to make a curved glass display case specifically for the giant squid, which does not produce bubbles during the production process. The display case was installed in a location in the center of Wellington, about 900 meters from the museum, right next to where the thawed squid is stored. The museum's experts had to consider how to preserve the squid and transport it safely to the museum. “What do we use to preserve it, to display it, and how do we get it from here to the museum?” Stewart said. “We can’t use alcohol or formaldehyde solutions because of the health and safety and fire risk management issues.”

Suckers and claws detached from a giant squid tentacle. © Te Papa/CC BY 4.0

Another member of the team suggested soaking the squid in polypropylene glycol. Although Stewart said the substance itself is non-toxic, "a fairly toxic bio-inhibitor had to be added to prevent bacterial and fungal growth." Just as the team was struggling to figure out how to transport the giant squid, a basic force of nature came to their aid: gravity. Wellington is a mountainous city, and the squid was stored at the top of a downhill road. They came up with a plan: transport the squid carcass on a flatbed truck late at night when traffic was sparse. To reduce weight, the liquid in the container would be emptied before transportation. "It just slid quietly in the middle of the night, and while there were no cars passing, we could adjust the traffic lights to let it pass smoothly." In the end, the giant squid was safely unloaded and officially settled in the National Museum, becoming an "envoy" from the deep sea, allowing people to glimpse the deep sea world that few people have set foot in. "Some people will say, 'Oh, it looks a bit battered, like it's falling apart,' but it's actually not much better than when it was first taken out of the formalin," Stewart said. "It was already badly damaged before it was hauled onto the fishing boat." "It's still going to slowly decay, that's inevitable. Light, temperature changes... all accelerate its degradation. It does look a bit like Frankenstein's monster, with some parts stitched together." Stewart added, "Peter Jackson (director of "The Lord of the Rings") even came to take some notes."

The giant squid is different from the giant squid, and its adult weight is much heavier than the latter. © Emmanuel Lafont/BBC

Specimens like this one at the National Museum of New Zealand are giving scientists clues about the biology and behavior of this mysterious deep-sea cephalopod. Almost all of the giant squids found so far have come from the deep sea. They are either entangled in fishing nets or caught while trying to feed on fish caught on fishing lines. Their interactions with humans are often unintentional, often violent, and very brief.

Scientists are slowly piecing together the life cycle and habits of giant squids, but there are still many unanswered questions. It’s like trying to piece together a person’s life story from a few scattered vacation photos—much of the story remains hidden from view. Giant squids have evolved to adapt to the cold and darkness of the deep sea, and they occupy a place at the top of the food chain. Their main prey is large fish in the Antarctic deep sea, such as the Patagonian toothfish (also known as the Chilean sea bass). According to Vladimir Laptikhovskiy of the UK Center for Environment, Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, dozens of Patagonian toothfish caught by fishermen between 2011 and 2014 all bore the typical scars left by the giant squid’s tentacles.[3] “Given the size of adult giant squids, the Patagonian toothfish is probably their most common prey, as there are few other deep-sea fish of comparable size near Antarctica,” he told New Scientist in 2015. However, there are also reports that juvenile giant squid (which live in shallower waters) have been found in the stomach contents of penguins and other seabirds. [4] It is speculated that there are few other animals that prey on giant squid, except for sperm whales and Southern sleeper sharks. Southern sleeper sharks are slow-moving but powerful deep-sea sharks that can reach 4.2 meters in length. The giant squid’s huge size is itself a survival strategy - growing large enough can reduce the risk of being eaten by predators. This growth rate is amazing.

The shape of the mantle of the giant squid is very different from the streamlined shape of the giant squid. © Te Papa/ CC BY 4.0

Similar to the giant squid, the giant squid is thought to live no longer than five years, although its exact lifespan remains a mystery.[5] They appear to live longer than smaller squid species—most of which live for just over a year—but their lifespan is remarkably short given their enormous size. This phenomenon is called "abyssal gigantism," and it is a trait shared by many creatures that inhabit the cold, deep oceans, such as spider crabs. Curiously, this gigantism doesn't require a lot of energy. A 2010 University of South Florida study estimated that a giant squid could survive for about 160 days on just a 5 kg toothfish—equivalent to just 30 grams of food, or 45 calories of energy, per day.[6] The temperatures in the deep Southern Ocean where giant squids live are typically around 1.5 °C (34.7 °F), and studies have shown that their metabolic efficiency increases as they get bigger. Metabolic studies on giant squids have shown that they live a very slow pace, probably spending most of their time just floating quietly, waiting to ambush prey.

Giant phenomena of the deep: A child sticks his head toward a spider crab during a visit to the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California, May 20, 2004. © Robyn Beck/AFP via Getty Images

The giant squid's huge eyes are thought to have evolved to detect large predators, such as sperm whales, rather than to spot prey at great distances.[6] Juvenile giant squid are thought to live in shallow waters above 500 metres (1,640 feet), but as they grow they gradually descend to depths of up to 2,000 metres (6,560 feet). There are still many unknown mysteries about the giant squid's life cycle. A staff member at the National Museum of New Zealand is trying to fill in the gaps with a book. Whiti: Colossal Squid From the Deep is a children's book written by Victoria Cleal and published in 2020. It tells the story of a giant squid that hatches from a tiny egg and eventually grows into the world's largest invertebrate. Cleal said she was chosen to write the book because of her experience writing labels for children's exhibits, making the language more friendly and informal. “They knew that children had an almost insatiable thirst for information about the giant squid, whether it was books, exhibit descriptions or videos,” she said. “It continues to fascinate visitors, and everyone who comes to the museum wants to see the giant squid.” “Some of the children who saw it are now adults… I love the idea that one day they might come back with their own children to see it again.”

The giant squid, also known as the Kraken, was discovered in Newfoundland in 1877. © Wikimedia Commons

Despite the scientists' painstaking efforts to exhibit the giant squid, the years have left their mark. "That squid is no longer what it was originally," Claire said. "Its eyes have been removed and there are many stitches on other parts of its body. I do mention it in the book to make a connection between the book and the Rijksmuseum. But the squid had a tragic end - it got caught in a fishing line and died." Telling the story of another squid that still swims in Antarctic waters allowed Claire to imagine its complete life, even though there are still many unsolved mysteries. With the help of squid expert Kate Bolstad, Claire began to write. However, it was impossible to include male squid in the story because no one has observed them so far. "But we can still imagine what it would be like to be 2,000 meters deep, for example, even though no one has ever dived to that depth in the Ross Sea." She emphasized that the story of "Whiti" (a Maori word meaning "change" or "turnover") must be based on the range of possibilities. Claire believes that the giant squid's huge size and awe-inspiring appearance are exactly why it attracts young audiences, but in fact, this deep-sea "monster" is relatively harmless. Many descriptions of the giant squid remind people of the ancient legendary Kraken, which once terrified sailors. But the fact is that these creatures live in extremely deep waters, far away from the coast, and it is almost impossible for humans to meet them face to face underwater. And it is our ignorance of the giant squid and its habitat that makes them even more mysterious. "It's a mysterious world, and I think that's what attracts everyone. We don't know what's going on there at all."

Kraken of the imagination, John Gibson, 1887. © wikipedi

Claire also said that she wanted to tell the story of the giant squid in part because she wanted children to imagine what other unknown creatures might live in the cold, dark depths of the ocean. "I think it would be a great thing for children to do - it could spark their interest in scientific careers and make them realize, 'There are still a lot of unknown things in the world waiting to be discovered. If everything has been explored, why don't you try to become a marine biologist?'"

James Erik Hamilton was a marine biologist and naturalist who spent most of his life in the Falklands and surrounding islands. He arrived in 1919 to conduct a survey of the fur seal population. A few years later, he became administrator of the Falkland Islands Dependency, and spent much of the 1920s working on whaling ships or whaling stations around the South Atlantic islands. In the winter of 1924/25, while examining the stomach contents of a sperm whale, Hamilton discovered something he had never seen before: tentacles from some mysterious giant squid, with sharp hooks at the end.

The remains of the giant squid Hamilton found are now preserved in a jar at London's Natural History Museum. © Javier Hirschfeld/BBC

Hamilton considered them to be a species unknown to science, so he preserved them and sent them to the Department of Zoology at the British Museum in London. Soon after, a report was published in the Journal of Natural History[8] describing the creature’s tentacles as “bearing from four to nine large claws” and its “arms consisting solely of claws, capable of rotating in any direction.” Hamilton’s specimen became the first scientific record of the giant squid. In 1925, Guy Coburn Robson first described it and named the species after Hamilton. However, Hamilton died in 1957 and did not live to see the day when the intact giant squid was discovered. When I talked to O’Shea and mentioned the tentacles Hamilton had discovered a century ago, his reaction immediately became excited: “Have you seen them?” It turns out that the tentacles that first defined the species are still stored in a glass jar on a shelf in the Mollusca Department of the Natural History Museum in London. I then emailed Jon Ablett, a friend of O'Shea's and senior curator of the museum's mollusc department, and received an invitation to visit a few days later. A few weeks later, Ablett took me through the museum's seemingly endless corridors, looking for this "needle in a haystack" specimen. "There are 8 million items in the mollusc department alone," Ablett said in a relaxed tone.

Jon Ablett observes a giant squid tentacle in the museum's basement. © Javier Hirschfeld/BBC

In these archived cabinets are hundreds of glass jars, each containing a creature (or part of a creature) that was once new to science. Ablett finds the right cabinet door and opens it. There, in a glass jar labeled "Mesonychoteuthis Hamilton, 1925," lies the remains of a squid Hamilton found a century ago—the first scientific evidence from the ocean's depths. "Oddly, we don't know much about how these specimens were found and recovered," Ablett says. "The way they were collected was rarely documented, and people didn't realize the significance of a specimen until later in life." The sperm whale was presumably caught near the Falkland Islands, and the tentacles were then sent to what was then the British Museum. Robson studied the specimen after it arrived. "The way we preserve animals has remained largely unchanged for the past 200 years," Ablett explains, with alcohol still the usual preservative. "For many invertebrates, especially deep-sea creatures, preservation techniques can distort their appearance and often shrink them." Today, the century-old tentacles appear bloated and oddly colored, but the spinning hooks that so fascinated Hamilton are still visible. "It's basically the chewed-up stomach contents... mostly a ring of flesh around the mouth, and some broken-off tentacles, and that's it," Ablett said. "But Hamilton could still recognize that the remains were completely different from any other known squid, so it had to be a new species. And I guess sperm whales are far more capable of hunting in the deep sea than scientists at the time, and perhaps even better than we are now."

Giant squid beaks are often found in the stomachs of sperm whales. © Javier Hirschfeld/BBC

Because the remains of these giant squids predate the advent of molecular classification techniques, further study of them may provide more clues about their lives. Ablett said that scientists have determined that the giant squid and the giant squid are completely different creatures. [9] "They are not closely related," he said. Ablett said that giant squids raise some intriguing questions, such as why some squids grow so large while others remain relatively small. "One thing that has always fascinated me is that many of the species closely related to the giant squid - the glass squid - are very small, often only a few inches long. But this is the only one that grows so large."

"One of the great things about being big, of course, is that nothing can eat you."

A century after the giant squid was first discovered, Ablett said we still know very little about it. In the 20 years he has been studying this mysterious deep-sea giant, he has found that "they appear too rarely." "They have never been directly observed in the wild, in their natural habitat." However, from a biological point of view, we can still find some clues to speculate on their lifestyle in the deep and cold waters of the Southern Ocean. "Look at the shape of the giant squid. It's very floppy and doesn't look streamlined at all." This makes him think that it may be an ambush predator. "Is it hiding in the dark deep sea, waiting for prey to pass by?" he asked. Ablett also pointed out that scientists have discovered an interesting phenomenon-where there are giant squids, there will be no giant squids. These two cephalopod giants seem to have drawn an invisible boundary in the world's oceans, and they don't set foot on each other. And, the extremely cold seas seem to be "hotspots" for large creatures, he added: "Especially in the polar regions, there seems to be a trend for creatures to get really, really big." The tentacles sealed in the museum's glass jars for a century aren't the only giant squid remains in the collection. In a secret room in the basement (not open to the public), there are many jars and storage tanks filled with strange creatures. (If you've seen The Mummy, starring Tom Cruise, you may be familiar with this scene.) An entire Komodo dragon - a former resident of the London Zoo - floats in a huge storage tank. The head of a deep-sea shark is soaked in a huge jar, revealing a mouthful of fangs. In other jars, there are larger pieces of giant squid remains that have been salvaged from the sea. Ablett even took some fragments out of the storage tanks to take pictures - under the fluorescent light, the squid tissue glows in the preservation fluid. In another huge storage tank, the remains of a giant squid are suspended in preservative fluid. The tank also contains a whole giant squid, its long tentacles trailing from its mottled mantle. You can imagine that if this exhibit were open to the public, there would be a constant stream of visitors lining up to see it. The tank was built by technicians who specialize in art installations. If the museum is lucky enough to get a whole giant squid in the future, they may have to build a larger tank. Perhaps the two giant squids can truly "meet" in the afterlife.

© Emannuel Lafont/BBC

In the meantime, scientists will continue to piece together bits of information about the world's largest invertebrate. But it also makes people wonder: Are there still unknown giants lurking in the dark world of the deep sea? "Most newly discovered species are small because they are easy to miss," Ablett said, "but I would be lying if I said I didn't expect there would be something bigger than the giant squid. I mean, what should we call it?"

By Stephen Dowling

Translated by tamiya2

Proofreading/tim

Original article/www.bbc.com/future/article/20250130-colossal-squid-the-eerie-ambassador-from-the-abyss

This article is based on the Creative Commons License (BY-NC) and is published by tamiya2 on Leviathan

The article only reflects the author's views and does not necessarily represent the position of Leviathan